IBosnia neHerzegovina, igama eligcwele leBosnia neHerzegovina, lisendaweni emaphakathi nendawo eyayiyiYugoslavia, phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia. Indawo ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-51129. Inani labantu liyi-4.01 million (2004), lapho i-Federation of Bosnia neHerzegovina ibalwa khona ngama-62.5% kanti iSerbia Republic yenza ama-37.5%. Izinhlanga eziyinhloko yilezi: AmaBosniaks (okusho ukuthi, isizwe samaSulumane esikhathini sangaphambili esaseningizimu), sibala cishe abantu abangama-43.5% besibalo sonke; ubuhlanga baseSerbia, obubalelwa ku-31.2% wabantu bonke; Iqembu lesiCroatia, elibala cishe i-17. 4%. Lezi zinhlanga ezintathu zikholelwa kubuSulumane, iSonto Lobu-Orthodox kanye nobuKatolika ngokulandelana. Izilimi ezisemthethweni yiBosnia, iSerbia neCroatia. IBosnia neHerzegovina icebile ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-iron ore, i-lignite, i-bauxite, i-lead-zinc ore, i-asbestosi, usawoti wedwala, i-barite, njll. Izinsizakusebenza zamanzi nezamahlathi ziningi, futhi indawo embozwa ngamahlathi ibalelwa ku-46.6% wendawo yonke yaseBosnia neHerzegovina.

IBiH yakhiwe yizinhlangano ezimbili, iFederal of Bosnia neHerzegovina kanye neRiphabhuliki yaseSerbia. I-Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina inamazwe ayi-10: Unna-Sanaa, Posavina, Tuzla-Podrinje, Zenica-Doboj, Bosna-Podrinje, Central Bosnia Amazwe, iHerzegovina-Neretva, iNtshonalanga Herzegovina, iSarajevo, iWest Bosnia. IRepublika Srpska inezifunda ezi-7: iBanja Luka, iDoboj, iBelina, iVlasenica, iSokolac, iSrbine neTrbinje . Ngo-1999, i-Brčko Special Zone yasungulwa, ngqo ngaphansi kombuso.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Umbala ongemuva uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iphethini unxantathu omkhulu wegolide, futhi kukhona umugqa wezinkanyezi ezimhlophe ohlangothini olulodwa lukanxantathu. Izinhlangothi ezintathu zonxantathu omkhulu zifanekisela izinhlanga ezintathu eziyinhloko ezakha iRiphabhlikhi yaseBosnia neHerzegovina, okungamaqembu amaSulumane, amaSerbia namaCroatia. Igolide ukukhazimula kwelanga, okufanekisela ithemba. Isizinda esiluhlaza nezinkanyezi ezimhlophe zifanekisela iYurophu, kanti iBosnia neHerzegovina iyingxenye yeYurophu.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-6 kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-7, amanye amaSlav athuthela eningizimu eBalkan futhi azinza eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12, amaSlav asungula i-Principality ezimele yaseBosnia. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14, iBosnia kwakuyizwe elinamandla kakhulu kumaSlavs aseningizimu. Yaba yifa laseTurkey ngemuva kuka-1463 futhi yathathwa yi-Austro-Hungary Empire ngo-1908. Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1918, abantu baseSlavic abaseningizimu basungula umbuso waseSerb-Croatia-Slovenian, owaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uMbuso waseYugoslavia ngo-1929. IBosnia neHerzegovina yayiyingxenye yayo futhi yahlukaniswa yaba izifundazwe eziningana zokuphatha. Ngo-1945, abantu bazo zonke izinhlanga eYugoslavia banqoba impi elwa nama-fascist futhi basungula iFederal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (ebizwa kabusha ngokuthi yiSocialist Federal Republic yaseYugoslavia ngo-1963), kwathi iBosnia neHerzegovina baba yiriphabhuliki yaseFederal Republic yaseYugoslavia. NgoMashi 1992, iBosnia neHerzegovina babamba inhlolovo yokuthi ngabe izwe lizimele noma cha.IBosnia neHerzegovina bebexhasa inkululeko, kanti amaSerbia aliphikisa lelo voti.Ngemva kwalokho, kwaqubuka impi yeminyaka emithathu nohhafu phakathi kweBosnia neHerzegovina. NgoMeyi 22, 1992, iBosnia neHerzegovina bajoyina iZizwe Ezihlangene. NgoNovemba 21, 1995, ngaphansi kokulawulwa yi-United States, uMongameli Milosevic weRiphabhulikhi yaseSerbia yaseYugoslavia, uMongameli Tudjman waseRiphabhuliki yaseCroatia kanye noMongameli Izetbegovic weRiphabhuliki yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina basayina iSivumelwano Sokuthula saseDayton-Bosnia-Herzegovina. Impi eBosnia naseHerzegovina isiphelile.

ISarajevo: ISarajevo, inhlokodolobha yaseBosnia neHerzegovina (Sarajevo), iyisikhungo esibalulekile sezokuthutha ezimbonini nasezitimeleni.Yayidume ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala (Isigameko SaseSarajevo). Etholakala eduze nezindawo ezingenhla zoMfula iBoyana, umfula ogeleza uMfula iSava, iSarajevo idolobha lasendulo elizungezwe izintaba nobuhle bendawo. Inendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-142 kanye nenani labantu abangama-310,000 (2002).

ISarajevo isishintshe igama layo kaningana emlandweni, futhi igama layo lamanje lisho ukuthi "Isigodlo Sombusi weSultan" ngesiTurkey. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi isiko laseTurkey linethonya elikhulu kuleli dolobha. Ngo-395 AD, ngemuva kokwehlulwa kukaMaximus, uMbusi uTheodosius I wasusa umngcele ophakathi kwemibuso yaseNtshonalanga neyaseMpumalanga wayisa endaweni eseSarajevo ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, iSarajevo kwakuyidolobha nje elalaziwa kancane. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, uMbuso WaseTurkey Ottoman wanqoba iSerbia, wadla iBosnia neHerzegovina, futhi waphoqa izakhamuzi zendawo ukuba ziguqukele kubuSulumane, okwenza ezinye izakhamuzi zaba amaSulumane. Ngasikhathi sinye, umbuso wase-Austro-Hungary wahlomisa abaseSerbia futhi wabasebenzisela ukuvikela imingcele yabo, futhi kusukela lapho kwaqala impi eyadonsa amakhulu eminyaka. Ngokomlando, emzileni ogudla ingxenye emaphakathi nezwe elaliyiYugoslavia (ngokunqamula eBosnia naseHerzegovina), amaKhatholika nama-Orthodox, amaKrestu namaSulumane, amaJalimane namaSlav, amaRussia nabaseNtshonalanga bonke balwa kanzima lapha. Isimo seqhinga likaSarajevo ngakho-ke sesibaluleke kakhulu. Iminyaka yezimpi yenze leli dolobha elaziwa kancane laba idolobha elaziwa kakhulu, futhi laba yingxenye yamaqembu ahlukahlukene, ekugcineni laba inhlokodolobha yaseBosnia neHerzegovina.

ISarajevo yidolobha lasendulo elinendawo enhle, ukubukeka kwedolobha elihlukile nezitayela ezahlukahlukene zokwakha. Njengoba liguqule izandla kaningana emlandweni, ababusi abehlukene balethe zonke izinhlobo zamasiko nezinkolo kuleli dolobha, okwenza kwaba impambana mgwaqo wesiko lezomnotho laseMpumalanga nelaseNtshonalanga, futhi kancane kancane lakhula laba idolobha elihlanganisa impumalanga nentshonalanga. . Idolobha linezakhiwo zombili zesitayela sase-Austrian ezibucayi, amadokodo wesitayela saseMpumalanga kanye nemihlangano yokufundisana yezandla yaseTurkey.

Idolobha elisenkabeni ikakhulu izakhiwo zakudala ezivela esikhathini soMbuso wase-Austro-Hungary. Amasonto amaKatolika, amasonto ama-Orthodox kanye nemibhoshongo yamaSulumane yamaSulumane enezinhlayiya kusatshalaliswa ngokuhlanganyela edolobheni. Inani lamaSulumane eSarajevo libala ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, okuyenza indawo lapho amaSulumane ahlala khona. Ngakho-ke, iSarajevo yaziwa njenge- "Cairo yaseYurophu" kanye ne- "Muslim Capital of Europe". KunamaSulumane angaphezu kwekhulu kuleli dolobha, phakathi kwawo okudala kunawo wonke yi-Archi-Hislu-Bek Mosque eyakhiwe ngekhulu le-16. Umnyuziyamu osedolobheni ubuye ube nombhalo wesandla odumile wesiHeberu othi "Hagada", okuyizinto ezinqabile ezingafana nezinganekwane nezindatshana ezicashunwe encazelweni yamaJuda "yeBhayibheli". Isimo esinamandla samaSulumane esakhiwa ngemuva kwempi eBosnia naseHerzegovina sikwenza kwesinye isikhathi uzizwe sengathi usezweni lama-Arab eMiddle East. Lesi sitayela esihlukile ngokusobala sihluke kakhulu kwamanye amadolobha endabuko aseYurophu, ngakho iSarajevo manje yaziwa njengeJerusalema laseYurophu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSarajevo futhi iyisikhungo sokuthuthwa komhlaba kanye nendawo yezomnotho namasiko eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Izimboni ezinkulu zifaka imishini kagesi, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi, ikhemistri, izindwangu, izitsha zobumba nokwenza ukudla. Kukhona neyunivesithi nezibhedlela eziningana edolobheni ezineSikole Sokumba Izimayini, iPolytechnic, iSayensi Nezobuciko.