IBosnia neHerzegovina, igama elipheleleyo leBosnia neHerzegovina, ikumbindi weYugoslavia yangaphambili, phakathi kweCroatia neSerbia. Indawo leyo ziikhilomitha ezingama-51129 zeekhilomitha. Abemi abazizigidi ezi-4.01 (2004), apho i-Federation yaseBosnia neHerzegovina i-62.5%, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseSerbia i-37.5%. Owona maqela aphambili ngala: I-Bosniaks (Oko kukuthi, ubuhlanga bamaSilamsi kwixesha langaphambili elalisemazantsi), babalwa malunga ne-43.5% yabemi bebonke; ubuhlanga baseSerbia, babalelwa malunga ne-31.2% yabemi bebonke; ubuhlanga baseCroatia, obenza malunga ne-17. 4%. La maqela mathathu akholelwa kwi-Islam, kwiCawa yama-Orthodox nakumaKatolika ngokwahlukeneyo. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni ziBosnia, iSerbia kunye neCroatia. I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina ityebile kwimithombo yezimbiwa, ikakhulu i-iron ore, i-lignite, i-bauxite, i-lead-zinc ore, i-asbestos, ityuwa yerwala, i-barite, njl. Amandla ombane kunye nezixhobo zehlathi zininzi, kwaye indawo egubungela amahlathi i-46.6% yommandla wonke waseBosnia naseHerzegovina.

I-BiH inamalungu amabini, i-Federation yaseBosnia neHerzegovina kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseSerbia. I-Federation yaseBosnia neHerzegovina inamazwe ali-10: Unna-Sana, Posavina, Tuzla-Podrinje, Zenica-Doboj, Bosna-Podrinje, Central Bosnia Amazwe, Herzegovina-Neretva, West Herzegovina, Sarajevo, West Bosnia. I-Republika Srpska ineengingqi ezi-7: iBanja Luka, iDoboj, iBelina, iVlasenica, iSokolac, iSrbine kunye neTrbinje . Kwi-1999, i-Brčko Special Zone yasekwa, ngokuthe ngqo phantsi kukarhulumente.

Iflegi yesizwe: Umbala ongasemva ublue, iphethini ngunxantathu omkhulu wegolide, kwaye kukho uluhlu lweenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe kwelinye icala lonxantathu. Amacala amathathu kanxantathu omkhulu abonisa amaqela amathathu aphambili enza iRiphabhlikhi yaseBosnia neHerzegovina, angala maSilamsi, amaSerbia namaCroatia. Igolide kukuqaqamba kwelanga, kufanekisela ithemba. Imvelaphi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe zifanekisela iYurophu kwaye zibonisa ukuba iBosnia neHerzegovina yinxalenye yeYurophu. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-6 kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-7, amanye amaSlav afudukela emazantsi kwiiBalkan aza ahlala eBosnia naseHerzegovina. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12, amaSlav amisela iNqununu ezimeleyo yaseBosnia. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14, iBosnia yayiyeyona lizwe linamandla kumaSlavs akumazantsi. Yabangumnini waseTurkey emva kowe-1463 kwaye yayihlalwa buBukhosi base-Austro-Hungary ngo-1908. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngo-1918, abantu baseSlavic basemazantsi baseka uBukumkani baseSerb-Croatia-Slovenian, obabizwa ngokuba buBukumkani baseYugoslavia ngo-1929. IBosnia neHerzegovina yayiyinxalenye yayo yaza yahlulwa yangamaphondo aliqela olawulo. Ngo-1945, abantu bazo zonke izizwe zase-Yugoslavia baphumelela umlo olwa ne-fascist baseka i-Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (eyabizwa ngokuba yi-Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ngo-1963), iBosnia ne-Herzegovina yaba yiriphabliki ye-Federal Republic yase-Yugoslavia. Ngo-Matshi 1992, iBosnia neHerzegovina yabamba ireferendamu malunga nokuba ilizwe lizimele na okanye hayi.I-Bosnia ne-Herzegovina yayixhasa inkululeko, kwaye ama-Serbs ayayichasa ivoti.Mva koko, kwaqhambuka imfazwe yeminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha phakathi kweBosnia ne-Herzegovina. Ngo-Meyi 22, 1992, iBosnia neHerzegovina yajoyina iZizwe eziManyeneyo. Nge-21 kaNovemba ka-1995, phantsi kwephiko laseMelika, uMongameli Milosevic weRiphabhlikhi yaseSerbia yaseYugoslavia, uMongameli Tudjman weRiphabhlikhi yaseCroatia kunye noMongameli Izetbegovic weRiphabhlikhi yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina batyikitya iSivumelwano soXolo saseDayton-Bosnia-Herzegovina. Imfazwe yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina iphelile.

ISarajevo: ISarajevo, ikomkhulu laseBosnia neHerzegovina (Sarajevo), liziko elibalulekileyo lezothutho lezamashishini kunye nololiwe.Kwakudume ngokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala (Isigameko saseSarajevo). ISarajevo imi kufutshane neencopho zoMlambo iBoyana, umlambo iSava.Yisixeko sakudala esijikelezwe ziintaba kunye nembonakalo entle. Inommandla weekhilomitha ezili-142 zesikwere kunye nabemi abangama-310,000 (2002).

ISarajevo itshintshe igama layo izihlandlo ezininzi kwimbali, kwaye igama langoku lithetha "Ibhotwe leRhuluneli yaseSultan" ngesiTurkey. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkcubeko yaseTurkey inefuthe elikhulu esixekweni. Ngo-395 AD, emva kokoyiswa kukaMaximus, uMlawuli uTheodosius I wasusa umda phakathi kobukhosi baseNtshona nobaseMpuma waya kufutshane naseSarajevo ngaphambi kokuba asweleke, Ngelo xesha iSarajevo yayiyidolophu nje eyayaziwa kancinci. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, ubukhosi baseTurkey base-Ottoman boyisa iSerbia, bahlala eBosnia naseHerzegovina, kwaye banyanzela abahlali balapho ukuba baguqukele kubuSilamsi, babenza abahlali babe ngamaSilamsi. Kwangaxeshanye, ubukhosi base-Austro-Hungary baxhobisa ii-Serbs kwaye bazisebenzisa ukukhusela imida yabo, kwaye ukusukela ngoko kwaqala umlo owaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane. Ngokwembali, kwindlela ecaleni kwendawo esembindini weYugoslavia (ngokuchanekileyo ngeBosnia neHerzegovina), amaKatolika kunye neOthodoki, amaKrestu kunye namaSilamsi, amaJamani kunye namaSlav, amaRashiya kunye nabantu baseNtshona bonke balwe kakhulu apha. Ubume beqhinga likaSarajevo ke ngoko bubaluleke kakhulu. Iminyaka yeemfazwe yenza ukuba le dolophu ingaziwayo ibe sisixeko esaziwayo, kwaye yaba kukugxilwa kukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni yaba likomkhulu laseBosnia neHerzegovina.

ISarajevo sisixeko samandulo esinobuhle obuhle, ukubonakala kwesixeko esikhethekileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha. Ukusukela ukuba itshintshe izandla amatyeli amaninzi embalini, abalawuli abohlukeneyo bazise zonke iintlobo zesiko kunye neenkolelo esixekweni, besenza indawo enqamlezileyo yenkcubeko yeMpuma neNtshona yezoqoqosho, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaphuhliswa yaba sisixeko esidibanisa empuma nasentshona. . Isixeko sinezakhiwo ze-Austrian zetawny zohlobo lwe-19 leminyaka, iipavili zendlela yaseMpuma kunye neendibano zocweyo zaseTurkey.

Isixeko esiphambili ikakhulu zizakhiwo zakudala ezivela kwixesha loBukhosi base-Austro-Hungary. Iicawa zamaKatolika, iicawa zobuOthodoki kunye neenqaba zamaSilamsi ezinesipili zihanjiswa ngokudibeneyo esixekweni. Inani lamaSilamsi eSarajevo linika ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu, lisenza indawo apho amaSilamsi ahlala khona.Ngoko ke, iSarajevo yaziwa ngokuba yi "Cairo yaseYurophu" kunye ne "Muslim Capital yase Europe". Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-100 mosque esixekweni, phakathi kwayo eyona indala yi-Archi-Hislu-Bek Mosque eyakhiwe ngenkulungwane ye-16. Iziko lolondolozo lwembali esixekweni ligcina umbhalo-ngqangi owaziwayo wesiHebhere "uHagada", izinto ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo ezinje ngamabali ahlukeneyo kunye neengxelo ezikhankanyiweyo kutoliko lwamaJuda lwe "Bhayibhile". Imeko eyomeleleyo yamaSilamsi eyakhiwe emva kwemfazwe eBosnia naseHerzegovina ikwenza ngamanye amaxesha uzive ngathi ukwilizwe lama-Arabhu eMbindi Mpuma. Olu hlobo lukhethekileyo lwahlukile kwezinye izixeko zemveli zaseYurophu, ke ngoku iSarajevo yaziwa ngokuba yiJerusalem yaseYurophu. Ukongeza, iSarajevo ikwaliziko lezothutho lomhlaba kunye neziko lezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yaseBosnia naseHerzegovina. Amashishini ikakhulu abandakanya izixhobo zamandla, ukuveliswa kweemoto, ukwenziwa kwesinyithi, chemistry, amalaphu, iiseramikhi kunye nokulungiswa kokutya. Kukho eyunivesithi kunye nezibhedlele ezininzi esixekweni kunye neSikolo seMigodi, iPolytechnic, iSayensi kunye nezoBugcisa boBugcisa.