Turkey ikudutsa Asia ndi Europe, pakati pa Mediterranean ndi Black Sea, komwe kuli malo pafupifupi 780,576 ma kilomita. Ili m'malire ndi Iran kum'mawa, Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan kumpoto chakum'mawa, Syria ndi Iraq kumwera chakum'mawa, Bulgaria ndi Greece kumpoto chakumadzulo, Black Sea kumpoto, ndi Cyprus kudutsa Mediterranean mpaka kumadzulo ndi kumwera chakumadzulo. Dera lomwe lili m'mbali mwa nyanja lili ndi nyengo yotentha ya Mediterranean, ndipo madera akumidzi amasunthira kudera lotentha komanso nyengo yam'chipululu.

Zowonongeka

Turkey, dzina lonse la Republic of Turkey, limadutsa Asia ndi Europe ndipo ili pakati pa Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Black Sea. Madera ambiri ali ku Asia Minor Peninsula, ndipo gawo la Europe lili kumwera chakum'mawa kwa chilumba cha Balkan.Dera lonselo lili pafupifupi ma kilomita 780,576. Imadutsa Iran kum'mawa, Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan kumpoto chakum'mawa, Syria ndi Iraq kumwera chakum'mawa, Bulgaria ndi Greece kumpoto chakumadzulo, Black Sea kumpoto, ndi Kupro kumadzulo ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kudutsa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Bosphorus ndi Dardanelles, komanso Nyanja ya Marmara pakati pamavuto awiriwa, ndiyo njira yokhayo yolumikizira Nyanja Yakuda ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndipo malo ake abwino ndiofunikira kwambiri. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi makilomita 3,518 kutalika. Malowa ndi okwera kum'maŵa komanso otsika kumadzulo, makamaka mapiri ndi mapiri, okhala ndi zigwa zopapatiza komanso zazitali m'mbali mwa gombe lokha. Madera omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi ochokera kunyanja yotentha ya Mediterranean, ndipo madera akumidzi amasunthira kumadera otentha komanso nyengo zam'chipululu. Kusiyana kwa kutentha ndi kwakukulu. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 14-20 ℃ ndi 4-18 ℃ motsatana. Mvula yapakati pachaka imakhala 700-2500 mm m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, 500-700 mm m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndi 250-400 mm mkati.

Magawo oyang'anira ku Turkey amagawika zigawo, zigawo, matauni, ndi midzi. Dzikoli lagawidwa zigawo 81, zigawo pafupifupi 600, ndi midzi yoposa 36,000.

Malo obadwira a anthu a ku Turkey ndi mapiri a Altai ku Xinjiang, China, omwe amadziwika kuti Turks m'mbiri. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ma Khanate aku Eastern ndi Western Turkic adawonongedwa motsatizana ndi Tang. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu mpaka la 13, anthu a ku Turkey adasamukira kumadzulo ku Asia Minor. Ufumu wa Ottoman unakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa 14th century. Zaka za m'ma 1400 ndi 1500 zinayamba kutchuka kwambiri, ndipo madera ake anafalikira mpaka ku Ulaya, Asia, ndi Africa. Inayamba kuchepa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 20th, idakhala gawo laling'ono la Britain, France, Germany ndi mayiko ena. Mu 1919, a Mustafa Kemal adayambitsa kusintha kwa mabishopu.Mu 1922, adagonjetsa gulu lankhondo lachilendo ndikukhazikitsa Republic of Turkey pa Okutobala 29, 1923. Kemal adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti. Mu Marichi 1924, mpando wachifumu wa Ottoman Caliph (mtsogoleri wakale wachisilamu) adathetsedwa.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono yamakona anayi ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa 3: 2. Mbendera ndi yofiira, ndi mwezi wachikasu woyera ndi nyenyezi yoyera yolunjika isanu mbali ya flagpole. Chofiira chimayimira magazi ndi chigonjetso; mwezi ndi nyenyezi zimaimira kuthamangitsa mdima ndikubweretsa kuwala. Zimayimiranso chikhulupiriro cha anthu aku Turkey ku Islam, komanso chimayimira chisangalalo ndi mwayi.

Turkey ili ndi anthu 67.31 miliyoni (2002). Ma Turks amawerengera zoposa 80%, ndipo ma Kurds amakhala pafupifupi 15%. Turkish ndi chilankhulo chadziko, ndipo anthu opitilira 80% mdzikolo ndi aku Turkey, kuwonjezera pa Kurdish, Armenian, Arab, and Greek. 99% yaomwe akukhulupirira Chisilamu.

Turkey ndi dziko lachikhalidwe komanso ulimi wa ziweto, wokhala ndi ulimi wabwino, wokhazikika pa tirigu, thonje, ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso, nyama, ndi zina zambiri, komanso kufunikira kwa nkhani zopangira zaulimi m'dziko lonselo Pafupifupi 20% ya GDP. Anthu olima amawerengera 46% ya anthu onse. Zomwe amalima amaphatikizapo tirigu, balere, chimanga, shuga, thonje, fodya ndi mbatata. Chakudya ndi zipatso zimatha kudzidalira komanso kugulitsa kunja. Ubweya wa Ankara ndiwotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Olemera mu mchere, makamaka boron, chromium, mkuwa, chitsulo, bauxite ndi malasha. Malo osungidwa a boron trioxide ndi chromium ore ali pafupifupi matani 70 miliyoni ndi matani 100 miliyoni motsatana, onse awiri amakhala pakati padziko lapansi. Malo osungira malasha ali pafupifupi matani 6.5 biliyoni, makamaka ma lignite. Dera la nkhalangoyi ndi mahekitala 20 miliyoni. Komabe, mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe zikusowa ndipo amafunika kuitanitsa zambiri kunja. Makampaniwa ali ndi maziko ena, ndipo zovala ndi mafakitale azakudya ndizopangidwa. Gawo lalikulu la mafakitale limaphatikizapo chitsulo, simenti, zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, komanso magalimoto. Madera a mafakitale ndi zaulimi kumadera akumadzulo kwa gombe amatukuka kwambiri, ndipo madera akum'mawa kum'mawa ali otsekedwa ndi magalimoto ndipo kuchuluka kwa zokolola kumatsalira. Dziko la Turkey lili ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zokopa alendo zapaderadera. Ntchito zokopa alendo zakhala imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pachuma zaku Turkey.

Mizinda ikulu

Ankara: Ankara ndiye likulu la Turkey, dziko lomwe lili kumapeto kwa Europe ndi Asia. Mzindawu uli kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera lotchedwa Anatolian Plateau ku Asia Minor Peninsula. Mzindawu ndi wapamtunda pafupifupi mamita 900 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ankara ili ndi mbiri yakalekale kuyambira zaka mazana akale. Olemba mbiri ena amakhulupirira kuti, koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 13 BC, anthu achi Heti adamanga nyumba yachifumu ku Ankara, yomwe inkatchedwa "Ankuva", kapena dzina lake "Angela". Nthano ina imakhulupirira kuti mzindawu adamangidwa ndi a Frigian King Midas cha m'ma 700 BC, ndipo chifukwa adapeza nangula wachitsulo kumeneko, lidadzakhala dzina la mzindawo. Pambuyo pazosintha zingapo, idakhala "Ankara".

Dziko la Republic lisanakhazikitsidwe, Ankara anali mzinda wawung'ono chabe. Tsopano wakula kukhala mzinda wamakono wokhala ndi anthu 3.9 miliyoni (2002), wachiwiri kulikulu lazachuma komanso likulu lakale la Istanbul. . Ankara ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha likulu loyang'anira komanso mzinda wamalonda. Makampani ake sanakule bwino, ndipo kufunikira kwake pachuma ndikotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi Istanbul, Izmir, Adana ndi mizinda ina. Pali mafakitale ochepa okha komanso apakatikati pano. Madera a Ankara ndiosagwirizana ndipo nyengo imakhala yaying'ono. Zinthu zazikulu zaulimi ndi tirigu, balere, nyemba, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi mphesa. Ziweto zimaphatikizapo nkhosa, mbuzi za Angora, ndi ng'ombe. Ankara wakhala malo oyendera kuyambira nthawi zakale, njanji ndi mayendedwe amlengalenga opita kumadera onse adzikoli.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 13, pomwe Asilamu adaukira, mzinda wakalewu udawotchedwa. Lero, dera lamatawuni lakula mpaka kumpoto kwa Golden Horn ndi Uskdar pagombe lakummawa kwa Bosphorus. Mu mzinda wakale wa Istanbul kumwera kwa Golden Horn, mukadali khoma lamzinda lomwe limasiyanitsa mzindawu pachilumba chachikulu ndi mainland. Pambuyo pazaka zaposachedwa zomanga matauni, mzinda wa Istanbul udakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza misewu yakale yoyenda m'mbali mwa khwalala, komanso yotakata komanso yolunjika Turkey Avenue, Independence Avenue, ndi nyumba zamakono mbali zonse ziwiri za avenue. Pansi pa thambo, nyumba yosanja ya mzikiti imanyezimira, nyumba zomangidwa ndi nyumba zofiira zachi Gothic komanso nyumba zachisilamu zachikale zikulumikizana; Intercontinental Hotel yamakono ndi khoma lakale lachi Roma Theodosius zimathandizana. Pafupifupi zaka 1700 za likulu lasiya zotsalira zokongola ku Istanbul. Pali mizikiti yopitilira 3,000 yayikulu komanso yaying'ono mzindawu, yomwe itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popembedza Asilamu mamiliyoni 10 mumzindawu. Kuphatikiza apo, mzindawu muli zipilala zopitilira 1 000. Ku Istanbul, bola mukayang'ana pozungulira, padzakhala ma minaret okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mzindawu umadziwikanso kuti "Minaret City".

Ponena za Istanbul, anthu mwachilengedwe amaganiza za Bridge yokhayo ya Bosphorus padziko lapansi yomwe imadutsa Europe ndi Asia. Kapangidwe kake kokongola, malo owoneka bwino komanso zipilala zodziwika bwino za millennium zimapangitsa Istanbul kukhala malo otchuka okaona malo. Bridge la Bosphorus linamangidwa mu 1973. Limagwirizanitsa mizinda yogawanika ndi khwalalo komanso imagwirizanitsa makontinenti awiri a ku Europe ndi Asia. Ili ndi mlatho woyimitsa wapadera wokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamitala 1560. Kupatula chimango chachitsulo kumapeto onse awiri, kulibe zipilala pakati.Zombo zingapo zimatha kudutsa.Ndilo mlatho waukulu kwambiri woyimitsa ku Europe komanso wachinayi kukula padziko lonse lapansi. Usiku, nyali zapa mlatho ndizowala, zikuyang'ana patali, ngati chinjoka chomwe chikuyenda mlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, mzindawu wamanganso Bridge ya Galata ndi Ataturk Bridge yolumikiza matauni atsopano ndi akale.