Ukubuka konke

I-Turkey, igama eligcwele leRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey, inqamula e-Asia naseYurophu futhi iphakathi koLwandle iMedithera noLwandle Olumnyama. Ingxenye enkulu yale ndawo itholakala e-Asia Minor Peninsula, kanti ingxenye yaseYurophu iseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yaseBalkan.Ingqikithi yezwe iyonke ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-780,576. Unqamula i-Iran empumalanga, eGeorgia, e-Armenia nase-Azerbaijan enyakatho-mpumalanga, eSyria nase-Iraq eningizimu-mpumalanga, iBulgaria neGrisi enyakatho-ntshonalanga, uLwandle Olumnyama enyakatho, neCyprus entshonalanga nasentshonalanga esentshonalanga ngaphesheya koLwandle iMedithera. IBosphorus neDardanelles, kanye noLwandle iMarmara oluphakathi kwalezi zingqinamba ezimbili, ukuphela kwendlela yamanzi ehlanganisa uLwandle Olumnyama neMedithera, futhi indawo yabo ebaluleke kakhulu ibaluleke kakhulu. Ugu lolwandle lunamakhilomitha angama-3,518 ubude. Indawo iphakeme empumalanga futhi iphansi entshonalanga, ikakhulukazi amathafa nezintaba, enamathafa amancane futhi amade ngasogwini kuphela. Izindawo ezingasogwini zingaphansi kwesimo sezulu saseMedithera esishisayo, kanti amathafa asenkabeni yezwe adlulela ezindaweni ezinotshani ezishisayo nezimo eziwugwadule. Umehluko wokushisa mkhulu. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nonyaka lingu-14-20 ℃ no-4-18 ℃ ngokulandelana. Imvula emaphakathi minyaka yonke ingu-700-2500 mm oLwandle Olumnyama, 500-700 mm oLwandle iMedithera, kanye no-250-400 mm maphakathi nezwe.

Izigaba zokuphatha zaseTurkey zihlukaniswa ngezifundazwe, izifunda, amalokishi kanye nemizana. Izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingama-81, izifunda ezingaba ngu-600, nemizana engaphezu kwezi-36,000.

Indawo abazalelwa kuyo abaseTurkey yizintaba zase-Altai eziseXinjiang, eChina, ezaziwa ngokuthi amaTurkey emlandweni. Ngekhulu lesi-7, amaKhanate aseMpumalanga nawaseTurkic abhujiswa ngokulandelana yiTang. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwele-13, abaseTurkey bathuthela entshonalanga baya e-Asia Minor. Umbuso wase-Ottoman wasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14. Ikhulu le-15 nele-16 langena esikhathini salo sokuchuma, futhi insimu yalo yanabela eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika. Kwaqala ukwehla ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, laba ikoloni elalingamakholoniyali amancane aseBrithani, eFrance naseJalimane. Ngo-1919, uMustafa Kemal wethula inguquko kazwelonke yonxiwankulu.Ngo-1922, wanqoba ibutho elihlasela amazwe angaphandle futhi wasungula iRiphabhuliki yaseTurkey ngo-Okthoba 29, 1923. UKemal wakhethwa njengomongameli. NgoMashi 1924, isihlalo sobukhosi sika-Ottoman Caliph (owayengumholi wamaSulumane inkosi) saqedwa.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi obungu-3: 2. Ifulegi libomvu, nenyanga emhlophe engucezu lwenkanyezi kanye nenkanyezi emhlophe ekhombe amahlanu ohlangothini lwefulegi. Okubomvu kufanekisela igazi nokunqoba; inyanga nocezu lwenkanyezi kufanekisela ukuxosha ubumnyama nokungenisa ukukhanya. Kubuye kukhombise inkolelo yabantu baseTurkey ku-Islam, futhi kufanekisela injabulo nenhlanhla.

I-Turkey inabantu abayizigidi ezingama-67.31 (2002). AmaTurkey alinganiselwa ngaphezu kwama-80%, kanti amaKurds alinganiselwa ku-15%. IsiTurkish ulimi olukhulunywa ezweni lonke, futhi abantu abangaphezu kwama-80% bezwe bangamaTurkey, ngaphezu kwamaKurdish, ama-Armenia, ama-Arab, namaGreki. Izakhamuzi ezingama-99% zikholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane.

ITurkey izwe lendabuko lokufuya nokufuya, elinolimo olusezingeni elifanele, elizimela ngokwanele okusanhlamvu, ukotini, imifino, izithelo, inyama, njll, kanye nenani lama-akhawunti womkhiqizo wezolimo wesizwe sonke Cishe ama-20% eGDP. Isibalo sabantu bezolimo sibalwa ngama-46% esamba senani labantu. Imikhiqizo emikhulu yezolimo ukolweni, ibhali, ummbila, isithombo sebhitrudi, ukotini, ugwayi namazambane. Ukudla nezithelo kungazimela futhi kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Uboya be-Ankara budumile emhlabeni wonke. Ucebile ngezinsizakusebenza zamaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-boron, i-chromium, ithusi, i-iron, i-bauxite namalahle. Izinqolobane ze-boron trioxide ne-chromium ore cishe zingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-70 namathani ayizigidi eziyi-100 ngokulandelana, zombili lezi zikhundla ziphakathi kweziphezulu emhlabeni. Izinqolobane zamalahle cishe zingamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-6.5, ikakhulukazi ama-lignite. Indawo yehlathi ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-20. Kodwa-ke, uwoyela negesi yemvelo kuyashoda futhi kudinga ukungeniswa ezweni ngobuningi. Le mboni inesisekelo esithile, kanti izimboni zezindwangu nezokudla ziyathuthukiswa. Imikhakha emikhulu yezimboni ifaka insimbi, usimende, imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngogesi kanye nezimoto. Izindawo zezimboni nezolimo ezindaweni ezisogwini olusentshonalanga zithuthuke kakhulu, kanti izindawo ezisempumalanga nezwe empumalanga zivinjelwe kuthrafikhi futhi nezinga lokukhiqiza lisasalele kancane. I-Turkey ithokozela izinsiza ezihlukile zezokuvakasha.Izindawo zomlando zikhona endaweni yayo, kufaka phakathi iThempeli lika-Arthemisi, izimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zomhlaba, amadolobha omlando ase-Istanbul, nedolobha lasendulo lase-Efesu. Ezokuvakasha sezingenye yezinsika ezibalulekile zomnotho wezwe waseTurkey.

Imizi emikhulu

I-Ankara: I-Ankara iyinhloko-dolobha yaseTurkey, izwe elisempumalanga yeYurophu ne-Asia. Itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNtaba i-Anatolian e-Asia Minor Peninsula. Idolobha elisethafeni elingamamitha angu-900 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. I-Ankara inomlando omude ongalandelwa emuva ngekhulu lasendulo. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13 BC, abantu abangamaHeti bakha isigodlo e-Ankara, esasibizwa nge "Ankuva", noma igama laso lesibizo "u-Angela". Enye inganekwane ikholelwa ukuthi idolobha lakhiwa yiNkosi yaseFrigiya uMidas cishe ngonyaka we-700 BC, futhi ngoba yathola ihange lensimbi lapho, lokhu kwaba igama lomuzi. Ngemuva kwezinguquko eziningana, yaba yi- "Ankara".

Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi, i-Ankara kwakuyidolobha elincane nje.Manje selikhule laba idolobha lesimanje elinabantu abayizigidi ezi-3.9 (2002), elilandela kuphela isikhungo sezomnotho kanye nenhlokodolobha yasendulo i-Istanbul. . I-Ankara idume ngesikhungo sayo sokuphatha nedolobha lezentengiselwano.Imboni yayo ayithuthukisiwe kakhulu, futhi ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho kuncane kakhulu kunokwase-Istanbul, Izmir, Adana nakwamanye amadolobha. Kunamafektri amancane amancane naphakathi kuphela lapha. Isimo se-Ankara asilingani futhi isimo sezulu singezwekazi. Imikhiqizo emikhulu yezolimo ukolweni, ibhali, ubhontshisi, izithelo, imifino, amagilebhisi, njll. Imfuyo ikakhulu ifaka izimvu, izimbuzi ze-Angora nezinkomo. I-Ankara ibiyindawo yokuhamba kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, nojantshi nemizila yomoya eholela kuzo zonke izingxenye zezwe.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, lapho amaKhuseli ehlasela, leli dolobha lasendulo lashiswa ngomlilo. Namuhla, indawo yasedolobheni ikhule yaya enyakatho yeGolden Horn nase-Uskdar ogwini olusempumalanga yeBosphorus. Edolobheni elidala lase-Istanbul ngaseningizimu yeGolden Horn, kusenodonga lomuzi oluhlukanisa idolobha elisenhlonhlweni nezwekazi. Ngemuva kweminyaka yakamuva yokwakhiwa komasipala, i-cityscape yase-Istanbul seyibalabala kakhulu, kufaka phakathi imigwaqo yasendulo ejikeleza umfula, kanye no-Turkey Avenue, u-Independence Avenue ovulekile noqondile, kanye nezakhiwo zesimanje ezinhlangothini zombili ze-avenue. Ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka, i-mosque minaret iyacwebezela, ukwakheka okwenziwe ngophahla olubomvu lwamaGothic kanye nezindlu zama-antique zamaSulumane kuhlangene; ihhotela lesimanje le-intercontinental nodonga lwasendulo lwamaRoma uTheodosius kuyaphelelisana. Cishe iminyaka eyi-1700 yomlando wenhlokodolobha ishiye izinsalela ezinemibala e-Istanbul. KunamaSulumane angaphezu kwama-3,000 amakhulu namancane edolobheni, angasetshenziswa amaSulumane ayizigidi eziyishumi edolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamadolobha amakhulu angaphezu kwama-1 000. E-Istanbul, inqobo nje uma uqalaza, kuzohlala kukhona ama-minaret anezimo ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, leli dolobha laziwa nangokuthi "Minaret City".

Uma kukhulunywa nge-Istanbul, ngokwemvelo abantu bacabanga ngeBosphorus Bridge kuphela emhlabeni enwebeka iYurophu ne-Asia. Ukuma kwayo okuhle, ubuhle bayo obuhle nezikhumbuzo zayo zomlando zeminyaka eyinkulungwane kwenze i-Istanbul yaba yindawo eheha izivakashi emhlabeni jikelele. IBosphorus Bridge yakhiwa ngo-1973. Ixhuma amadolobha ahlukaniswe ngumfula futhi ixhumanisa amazwekazi amabili aseYurophu nase-Asia. Leli yibhuloho lokumisa eliyingqayizivele elinobude obuphelele bamamitha ayi-1560. Ngaphandle kohlaka lwensimbi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, azikho izinsika phakathi.Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhumbi zingadlula.Kuyibhuloho lokumiswa elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu futhi kungokwesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ebusuku, amalambu akuleli bhuloho ayakhanya, ubukeka ukude, kubukeka njengezivolumu zikadrako esibhakabhakeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idolobha selakhe futhi iGalata Bridge ne-Ataturk Bridge ukuxhuma amadolobha amasha namadala.