Ukujonga ngokubanzi> Uninzi lwommandla lubekwe eAsia Minor Peninsula, kwaye icandelo laseYurophu likumzantsi-mpuma weSingasiqithi weBalkan.Ingingqi iyonke yelizwe imalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-780,576. Imida i-Iran empuma, iGeorgia, iArmenia neAzerbaijan emantla mpuma, eSyria naseIraq kumazantsi mpuma, eBulgaria naseGrisi emantla ntshona, kuLwandle oluMnyama ukuya emantla, naseCyprus ngasentshona nasemazantsi-ntshona ngaphesheya koLwandle lweMeditera. IBosphorus kunye neDardanelles, kunye noLwandle iMarmara phakathi kwezi ngxaki zimbini, kuphela kwendlela edibanisa uLwandle oluMnyama kunye noLwandle lweMeditera, kwaye indawo yabo ebaluleke kakhulu ibalulekile. Unxweme luziikhilomitha ezingama-3,518 ubude. Indawo iphakame kakhulu empuma kwaye isezantsi entshona, ubukhulu becala ngamathafa kunye neentaba, ezinamathafa amxinwa amade kuphela ecaleni konxweme. Imimandla eselunxwemeni yeyesimo sezulu eshushu seMeditera, kwaye ithafa elisemaphandleni litshintshela kwiindawo ezinengca kunye neendawo ezihlala entlango. Umahluko wobushushu mkhulu. Iqondo lobushushu lonyaka li-14-20 ℃ kunye no-4-18 ℃ ngokwahlukeneyo. Umyinge wemvula yonyaka ngama-700-2500 mm ecaleni koLwandle oluMnyama, i-500-700 mm kulwandle lweMeditera, kunye ne-250-400 mm emhlabeni.

Amacandelo olawulo eTurkey ahlelwa ngokwamaphondo, kwiidolophu, ezilokishini nasezilalini. Ilizwe lahlulwe langamaphondo angama-81, malunga neebalo ezingama-600, nakwiilali ezingaphezu kwama-36,000.

Indawo yokuzalwa yeTurks ziintaba zeAltai eXinjiang, China, eyaziwa njengeTurks kwimbali. Kwinkulungwane ye-7, amaKhanati aseMpuma naseNtshona eTurkic atshatyalaliswa ngokulandelelana nguTang. Ukususela ngenkulungwane yesi-8 ukuya kweye-13, abemi baseTurkey bafudukela ngasentshona baya eAsia Minor. Ubukhosi base-Ottoman bamiselwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-14. Inkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 yangena kwimihla yayo, yaye ummandla wayo wanda waya eYurophu, eAsia naseAfrika. Iqale ukwehla ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, yaba semi-koloni eBritani, France, Germany kunye namanye amazwe. Ngo-1919, uMustafa Kemal wasungula inguquko yoohlohlesakhe beSizwe ngo-1922, woyisa umkhosi ohlaselayo wamanye amazwe kwaye waseka iRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey nge-29 kaOkthobha 1923. UKemal wonyulwa njengoMongameli. Ngo-Matshi 1924, isihlalo se-Ottoman Caliph (owayesakuba yinkosi yama-Islam) yapheliswa.

Iflegi yesizwe: Yixande kunye nomyinge wobude kububanzi be-3: 2. Iflegi ibomvu, kunye nenyanga emhlophe emhlophe kunye neenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe ezibekwe zihlanu kwicala leflegi. Umbala obomvu ufuzisela igazi kunye noloyiso; inyanga kunye neenkwenkwezi zibonisa ukuqhuba ubumnyama nokungenisa ukukhanya. Ikwabonisa inkolelo yabantu baseTurkey kwi-Islam, kwaye ikwaluphawu lolonwabo kunye nethamsanqa.

I-Turkey inabemi abazizigidi ezingama-67.31 (2002). Iakhawunti yeTurks ingaphezulu kwe-80%, kwaye i-Kurds i-akhawunti malunga ne-15%. I-Turkish lulwimi lwesizwe, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-80% yabemi beli lizwe ngamaTurkey, ukongeza kwi-Kurdish, Armenian, Arab, kunye nesiGrike. Abemi abangama-99% bakholelwa kwi-Islam.

Iidolophu eziphambili

I-Ankara: I-Ankara yidolophu enkulu yaseTurkey, ilizwe ekujikeni kweYurophu neAsia. Ime kwinxalenye esemantla ntshona e-Anatolian Plateau kwiAsia Minor Peninsula, sisixeko esisethafeni malunga neemitha ezingama-900 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. I-Ankara inembali ende enokulandelwa emva kwinkulungwane yakudala. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba, kwangoko ngenkulungwane ye-13 BC, abantu baseHeti bakha inqaba e-Ankara, eyayibizwa ngokuba yi "Ankuva", okanye i-diacritic "Angela" yayo. Elinye ibali liyakholelwa ukuba isixeko sakhiwa nguKumkani waseFrigiya uMidas malunga ne-700 BC, kwaye ngenxa yokuba wafumana iankile yentsimbi apho, eli yaba ligama lesixeko. Emva kotshintsho oluninzi, yaba yi "Ankara".

Phambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhlikhi, iAnkara yayisisixeko nje esincinci.Ngoku sele ikhule yaba sisixeko sanamhlanje esinabemi abazizigidi ezi-3.9 (2002), kwindawo yesibini kuphela kwiziko lezoqoqosho nakwikomkhulu lakudala i-Istanbul. . I-Ankara idume ngeziko lolawulo kunye nesixeko seshishini.Ishishini layo aliphuhliswanga kakhulu kwaye ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kuncinci kakhulu kunase-Istanbul, Izmir, Adana kunye nezinye izixeko. Kukho iifektri ezincinci ezincinci kunye naphakathi kuphela. Indawo ye-Ankara ayilingani kwaye imozulu iphakathi kwelizwekazi. Ezona mveliso ziphambili zezolimo yingqolowa, irhasi, iimbotyi, iziqhamo, imifuno, iidiliya, njl. Imfuyo ikakhulu ibandakanya iigusha, iibhokhwe ze-Angora, kunye neenkomo. I-Ankara ibe yindawo yokuhamba ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, ngololiwe kunye neendlela zomoya ezikhokelela kuzo zonke iindawo zelizwe.

Istanbul: Isixeko saseTurkey i-Istanbul (Istanbul) esisembindini se-Balkan Peninsula, simisa uLwandle oluMnyama. Sesona sixeko sikhulu kunye nezibuko laseTurkey elinabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-12 (2003 unyaka). Njengomda phakathi kweYurophu neAsia, iBosphorus Strait idlula esixekweni, yahlulahlula isixeko samandulo kubini, kwaye i-Istanbul ibe kuphela kwesixeko emhlabeni esiwela iYurophu neAsia. Istanbul yasekwa ngo-660 BC kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yi-Byzantium ngelo xesha. Ngo-324 AD, uConstantine Omkhulu woBukhosi baseRoma wasusa ikomkhulu lakhe eRoma walitshintsha igama laba nguConstantinople. Ngo-395 AD, uConstantinople waba likomkhulu lobukhosi baseMpuma baseRoma (okwabizwa ngokuba yi-Byzantine Empire) emva kokwahlukana koBukhosi baseRoma. Ngo-1453 AD, iSultan Mohammed Sultan waseTurkey wasithimba isixeko wasitshabalalisa isiRoma saseMpuma.Yaba likomkhulu loBukhosi base-Ottoman yaza yathiywa igama kwathiwa yi-Istanbul de kwasekwa iRiphabhlikhi yase-Turkey ngo-1923 yaya e-Ankara.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, xa abahlaseli beNkqubela bahlasela, esi sixeko sasendulo satshiswa. Namhlanje, indawo yedolophu yandile yaya emantla eGolden Horn nase-Uskdar kunxweme olusempuma lweBosphorus. Kwisixeko esidala saseIstanbul kumazantsi ePhondo leGolide, kusekho udonga lwesixeko olusahlula isixeko usingasiqithi ukusuka kwilizwekazi. Emva kweminyaka yakutshanje yokwakhiwa kukamasipala, i-cityscape yaseIstanbul iye yaqaqamba ngakumbi, kubandakanya nezitalato zakudala ezigudle umda wendlela, kunye nendawo ebanzi nethe nkqo yeTurkey Avenue, iAvenue Independence, kunye nezakhiwo zale mihla kumacala omabini eAvenue. Ngaphantsi kwesibhakabhaka, i-mosque minaret iyakhazimla, uphahla olubomvu lwe-Gothic kunye nezindlu zakudala zamaSilamsi ziyadibana; Ihotele yanamhlanje ye-Intercontinental kunye nodonga lwaseRoma lwakudala iTheodosius ziyahambelana. Phantse iminyaka eyi-1700 yembali yekomkhulu ishiye izinto ezinemibala yenkcubeko eIstanbul. Kukho ngaphezulu kwama-3,000 amakhulu kunye nama-mosque amakhulu esixekweni, anokusetyenziselwa unqulo lwe-10 yezigidi zamaSilamsi esixekweni. Ukongeza, kukho i-minaret engaphezulu kwe-1 000 edolophini. E-Istanbul, okoko nje ujonga, kuya kuhlala kukho iimilo ezinemilo eyahlukeneyo. Ke ngoko, isixeko sikwaziwa njenge- "Minaret City".

Ukuthetha nge-Istanbul, abantu ngokwendalo bacinga ngeBrorus Bridge kuphela emhlabeni edlula eYurophu naseAsia. Ukuma kwayo okuhle, ukubukeka kwayo okuhle kunye nezikhumbuzo zemillennium ezidumileyo zenza iIstanbul ibe ngumtsalane wabakhenkethi odumileyo kwihlabathi liphela. Ibhulorho yaseBosphorus yakhiwa ngo-1973. Idibanisa izixeko ezahlulwe ngumxinwa kwaye idibanisa amazwekazi amabini aseYurophu naseAsia. Le yibhulorho yokunqumamisa eyahlukileyo enobude obuziimitha ezili-1560. Ngaphandle kwesakhelo sentsimbi kwiziphelo zozibini, akukho zii-piers phakathi.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenqanawa zinokudlula.Yiyo ibhulorho enkulu yokumisa eYurophu kwaye yeyesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ebusuku, izibane ezikule bhulorho ziqaqambile, zijonge kude, njengenamba ehamba phezulu esibhakabhakeni. Ukongeza, isixeko sakha iGalata Bridge kunye neAtaturk Bridge ukudibanisa iidolophu ezintsha nezindala.