Turukiya izenguruka Aziya n'Uburayi, hagati ya Mediterane n'Inyanja Yirabura, hamwe n'ubuso bwa kilometero kare 780.576. Irahana imbibi na Irani mu burasirazuba, Jeworujiya, Arumeniya na Azerubayijani mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, Siriya na Iraki mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, Buligariya n'Ubugereki mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, inyanja y'Umukara mu majyaruguru, na Kupuro hakurya ya Mediterane mu burengerazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba. Inkombe z'uburebure ni kilometero 3,518. Agace k'inyanja gafite ikirere giciriritse cya Mediterane, kandi ikibaya cy'imbere kijya mu byatsi byo mu turere dushyuha no mu kirere.

Reba neza

Turukiya, izina ryuzuye rya Repubulika ya Turukiya, ikurikirana Aziya n'Uburayi kandi iri hagati y'Inyanja ya Mediterane n'Inyanja Yirabura. Igice kinini cy’ubutaka giherereye muri Aziya Ntoya, naho igice cy’Uburayi giherereye mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw’igice cya Balkan.Ubuso rusange bw’igihugu ni kilometero kare 780.576. Irahana imbibi na Irani mu burasirazuba, Jeworujiya, Arumeniya na Azaribayijan mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, Siriya na Iraki mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, Buligariya n'Ubugereki mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, inyanja y'Umukara mu majyaruguru, na Kupuro mu burengerazuba no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba hakurya y'inyanja ya Mediterane. Bosphorus na Dardanelles, kimwe n'Inyanja ya Marmara iri hagati y'ibice byombi, ni yo nzira yonyine y'amazi ihuza inyanja Yirabura n'Inyanja ya Mediterane, kandi aho bahurira ni ngombwa cyane. Inkombe z'inyanja zifite uburebure bwa kilometero 3,518. Ubutaka buri hejuru muburasirazuba no hasi muburengerazuba, cyane cyane mubibaya n'imisozi, bifite ibibaya bigufi kandi birebire kuruhande rwinyanja. Uturere two ku nkombe ni iy'ikirere cya subtropical Mediterranean, kandi ikibaya cy'imbere kijya mu byatsi byo mu turere dushyuha no mu butayu. Itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe ni rinini. Impuzandengo yumwaka ni 14-20 ℃ na 4-18 ℃. Ikigereranyo cy'imvura igereranijwe buri mwaka ni 700-2500 mm ku nyanja Yirabura, mm 500-700 ku nyanja ya Mediterane, na 250-400 mm imbere.

Amacakubiri yubuyobozi muri Turukiya ashyirwa mu ntara, intara, imidugudu, n’imidugudu. Igihugu kigabanyijemo intara 81, intara zigera kuri 600, n'imidugudu irenga 36.000.

Aho Abanyaturukiya bavukiye ni imisozi ya Altai i Sinayi, mu Bushinwa, izwi ku izina rya Turukiya mu mateka. Mu kinyejana cya 7, abami bo muri Turkiya y’iburasirazuba n’iburengerazuba barimbuwe na Tang. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 8 kugeza mu cya 13, Abanyaturukiya bimukiye mu burengerazuba muri Aziya Ntoya. Ingoma ya Ottoman yashinzwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 14. Ikinyejana cya 15 n'icya 16 byinjiye mu bihe byiza, maze ifasi yacyo igera mu Burayi, Aziya, na Afurika. Yatangiye kugabanuka mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 16. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, yahindutse ubukoloni bw'Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, Ubudage n'ibindi bihugu. Mu 1919, Mustafa Kemal yatangije impinduramatwara ya burugumesitiri y'igihugu.Mu 1922, yatsinze ingabo z’amahanga zateye maze ashinga Repubulika ya Turukiya ku ya 29 Ukwakira 1923. Kemal yatorewe kuba perezida. Muri Werurwe 1924, intebe ya Califa wa Osman (wahoze ayobora Islam) yavanyweho.

Ibendera ryigihugu: Ni urukiramende rufite igipimo cyuburebure n'ubugari bwa 3: 2. Ubuso bwibendera butukura, hamwe ukwezi kwera kwera hamwe ninyenyeri yera ifite amanota atanu kuruhande rwibendera. Umutuku ushushanya amaraso nitsinzi; ukwezi kwinyenyeri ninyenyeri bishushanya kwirukana umwijima no kuzana urumuri.Bigaragaza kandi imyizerere yabaturage ba Turukiya bemera Islam, kandi binagaragaza umunezero n'amahirwe.

Turukiya ituwe na miliyoni 67.31 (2002). Abanyaturukiya barenga 80%, naho Abakurdiya bagera kuri 15%. Igiturukiya ni ururimi rw'igihugu, kandi abarenga 80% by'abatuye iki gihugu ni Abanyaturukiya, usibye Abakurdiya, Abanyarumeniya, Icyarabu, n'Ikigereki. 99% by'abaturage bemera Islam.

Turukiya n’igihugu gakondo cy’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, gifite ubuhinzi bwiza, ahanini bwihagije mu ngano, ipamba, imboga, imbuto, inyama, n’ibindi, kandi agaciro k’umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi ni igihugu cyose. Hafi ya 20% ya GDP. Abaturage b’ubuhinzi bangana na 46% byabaturage bose. Ibicuruzwa byubuhinzi birimo ingano, sayiri, ibigori, beterave yisukari, ipamba, itabi n ibirayi. Ibiribwa n'imbuto birashobora kwihaza no kohereza hanze. Ubwoya bwa Ankara burazwi kwisi yose. Ukungahaye ku bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, cyane cyane boron, chromium, umuringa, icyuma, bauxite n'amakara. Ububiko bwa boron trioxide na chromium ni hafi toni miliyoni 70 na toni miliyoni 100, byombi bikaba biza ku isonga ku isi. Ububiko bw'amakara bugera kuri toni miliyari 6.5, ahanini ni lignite. Ubuso bwamashyamba ni hegitari miliyoni 20. Nyamara, peteroli na gaze karemano birahagije kandi bigomba gutumizwa hanze. Inganda zifite umusingi runaka, kandi inganda n’imyenda n’ibiribwa zateye imbere ugereranije. Inzego nyamukuru zinganda zirimo ibyuma, sima, ubukanishi n’amashanyarazi, n’imodoka. Ahantu h’inganda n’ubuhinzi mu turere tw’iburengerazuba twateye imbere cyane, kandi uduce twimbere mu burasirazuba twahagaritswe n’imodoka kandi urwego rw’umusaruro ruri inyuma. Turukiya ifite umutungo w’ubukerarugendo udasanzwe.Ahantu h’amateka h’ubudodo mu karere kayo, harimo urusengero rwa Artemisi, Ibitangaza birindwi ku isi, imigi y’amateka ya Istanbul, n’umujyi wa kera wa Efeso. Ubukerarugendo bwabaye imwe mu nkingi zikomeye z’ubukungu bw’igihugu cya Turukiya.

Imijyi minini

Ankara: Ankara ni umurwa mukuru wa Turukiya, igihugu kigana mu Burayi na Aziya. Iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'ikibaya cya Anatoliya ku gice cya Aziya Ntoya.Ni umujyi wa kibaya nko muri metero 900 hejuru y’inyanja. Ankara ifite amateka maremare ashobora kuva mu kinyejana cya kera. Bamwe mu bahanga mu by'amateka bemeza ko, nko mu kinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Yesu, abaturage ba Heti bubatse ikigo cya Ankara, cyiswe "Ankuva", cyangwa "Angela". Undi mugani wemeza ko umujyi wubatswe n'Umwami Fidasiya Midas ahagana mu mwaka wa 700 mbere ya Yesu, kandi kubera ko ahasanze inanga y'icyuma, izina ryabaye izina ry'umujyi. Nyuma yimpinduka nyinshi, yabaye "Ankara".

Mbere yuko Repubulika ishingwa, Ankara yari umujyi muto. Ubu yateye imbere mu mujyi wa kijyambere utuwe na miliyoni 3.9 (2002), uwa kabiri nyuma y’ikigo cy’ubukungu n’umurwa mukuru wa kera wa Istanbul. . Ankara izwi cyane mu kigo cy’ubuyobozi n’umujyi w’ubucuruzi.Inganda zayo ntabwo zateye imbere cyane, kandi akamaro k’ubukungu ntikiri kure cyane ugereranije na Istanbul, Izmir, Adana n'indi mijyi. Hano hari inganda nkeya kandi ziciriritse. Ubutaka bwa Ankara ntiburinganiye kandi ikirere ni igice cyumugabane. Ibicuruzwa byingenzi byubuhinzi ni ingano, sayiri, ibishyimbo, imbuto, imboga, inzabibu, nibindi. Amatungo arimo intama, ihene za Angora, ninka. Ankara yabaye ihuriro ryubwikorezi kuva kera, hamwe na gari ya moshi ninzira zindege zerekeza mubice byose byigihugu.

Istanbul: Umujyi w’amateka wa Turukiya Istanbul (Istanbul) uherereye mu burasirazuba bw’igice cya Balkan, uniga inyanja Yirabura. Ni umujyi n’icyambu kinini muri Turukiya gituwe n’abaturage barenga miliyoni 12 (2003 umwaka). Nkumupaka uhuza Uburayi na Aziya, Inzira ya Bosphorus inyura muri uyu mujyi, igabanya uyu mujyi wa kabiri mo kabiri, kandi Istanbul ibaye umujyi wonyine ku isi wambuka Uburayi na Aziya. Istanbul yashinzwe mu 660 mbere ya Yesu kandi icyo gihe yitwaga Byzantium. Mu 324 nyuma ya Yesu, Constantine Mukuru w'Ingoma y'Abaroma yimuye umurwa mukuru wa Roma ahindura izina yitwa Constantinople. Mu 395 nyuma ya Yesu, Constantinople yabaye umurwa mukuru w'Ingoma y'Abaroma y'Iburasirazuba (izwi kandi ku Bwami bwa Byzantine) nyuma yo gutandukana kw'Ingoma y'Abaroma. Mu 1453 nyuma ya Yesu, Sultan Mohammed II wo muri Turukiya yigaruriye umujyi maze asenya Roma y'Iburasirazuba.Yabaye umurwa mukuru w'ingoma ya Ottoman maze ihindurirwa izina rya Istanbul kugeza igihe Repubulika ya Turukiya yashingwa mu 1923 ikimukira i Ankara.

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 13, igihe Crusaders yateraga, uyu mujyi wa kera watwitswe. Uyu munsi, agace ko mumijyi kaguye mumajyaruguru yamahembe ya Zahabu na Uskdar kuruhande rwiburasirazuba bwa Bosifore. Mu mujyi wa kera wa Istanbul mu majyepfo yihembe rya Zahabu, haracyari urukuta rwumujyi rutandukanya umujyi ku gice cy’igice kinini. Nyuma yimyaka yashize yubatswe namakomine, imiterere yumujyi wa Istanbul yarushijeho kuba amabara, harimo imihanda ya kera izenguruka umuhanda, hamwe na Avenue yagutse kandi igororotse ya Turukiya, Umuhanda wubwigenge, ninyubako zigezweho kumpande zombi. Munsi yikirere, umunara wumusigiti urabagirana, inyubako ya Gothique yubatswe hejuru yumutuku hamwe namazu ya kisilamu ya kera arahujwe; Hotel ya kijyambere ya Intercontinental hamwe nurukuta rwa kera rwa Theodosius rwuzuzanya. Hafi yimyaka 1700 yamateka yumurwa mukuru yasize ibisigazwa by’amabara menshi muri Istanbul. Muri uyu mujyi hari imisigiti irenga 3.000 nini nini nto, ishobora gukoreshwa mu gusenga miliyoni 10 z'abayisilamu muri uyu mujyi. Byongeye kandi, muri uyu mujyi hari minara zirenga 1.000 ndende. Muri Istanbul, igihe cyose urebye hirya no hino, hazajya habaho minara ifite imiterere itandukanye. Kubwibyo, umujyi uzwi kandi ku izina rya "Umujyi wa Minaret".

Tuvuze kuri Istanbul, abantu basanzwe batekereza ikiraro cya Bosphorus cyonyine ku isi kizenguruka Uburayi na Aziya. Imiterere yacyo nziza, ibyiza nyaburanga hamwe n’inzibutso zamateka yimyaka igihumbi byatumye Istanbul ikurura ba mukerarugendo bazwi cyane ku isi. Ikiraro cya Bosphorus cyubatswe mu 1973. Ihuza imijyi igabanijwemo ibice kandi ikanahuza imigabane ibiri y’Uburayi na Aziya. Iki ni ikiraro kidasanzwe cyo guhagarika gifite uburebure bwa metero 1560. Usibye ikadiri yicyuma kumpande zombi, nta piers iri hagati. Ubwoko butandukanye bwubwato burashobora kunyura. Nicyo kiraro kinini gihagarikwa muburayi kandi kikaba icya kane kinini kwisi. Mwijoro, amatara ku kiraro arasa, urebye kure, birasa n'ikiyoka kinini mu kirere. Byongeye kandi, umujyi wubatse ikiraro cya Galata n’ikiraro cya Ataturk kugirango uhuze imigi mishya kandi ishaje.