Afghanistan covers an area of ​​652,300 square kilometers. It is located at the intersection of West Asia, South Asia and Central Asia. It is an important geographical location for the transportation between North and South. It is bordered by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, a narrow strip of protruding northeast borders China, east and southeast borders Pakistan, and west borders Iran. The territory is mountainous, plateaus and mountains occupy 4/5 of the country's area. The north and southwest are mostly plains, and there are deserts in the southwest. The continental climate makes the country dry and less rainy, with large annual and daily temperature differences and obvious seasons.

　　 Afghanistan covers an area of ​​652,300 square kilometers. Located at the intersection of West Asia, South Asia and Central Asia, it is an important geographical location as a key link between North and South. It is bordered by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, a narrow strip of protruding northeast borders China, east and southeast borders Pakistan, and west borders Iran. The territory is mountainous, plateaus and mountains account for 4/5 of the country's area, the north and southwest are mostly plains, and there are deserts in the southwest. The average altitude is 1,000 meters. The largest Hindu Kush mountain range in the country runs diagonally from the northeast to the southwest. The main rivers are the Amu Darya, Helmand, Kabul and Harirud. The continental climate makes the country dry and less rainy, with large annual and daily temperature differences, obvious seasons, severe cold in winter and extremely hot summer.

　　 Afghanistan is divided into 33 provinces, which are divided into counties, districts, townships, and villages.

　　Before the 15th century, Afghanistan was the center of trade and cultural exchanges between Europe, the Middle East and India and the Far East. After the sea route from Europe to India was opened at the end of the 15th century, Afghanistan became closed. In 1747, the Afghan people drove away foreign invaders and established an independent and once strong Afghan Kingdom, becoming a Muslim country second only to the Ottoman Empire. In 1878, Britain invaded Afghanistan for the second time and signed the Gandamak Treaty with Afghanistan, and Afghanistan lost its diplomatic power. In 1895, Britain and Russia concluded an agreement to privately divide the Pamir region and designate the Vakhan region as a British-Russian buffer zone. In 1919, the Afghan people gained independence after defeating the third British invasion. In April 1978, the Afghan People’s Democratic Party launched a military coup to overthrow the government and changed its name to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The Soviet army invaded Afghanistan in 1979. In November 1987, the Great Loya Jirga in Afghanistan made a decision to officially change the name of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan to the Republic of Afghanistan. On February 15, 1989, the Soviet Union was forced to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. On April 28, 1992, the country was renamed the Islamic State of Afghanistan. In October 1997, the country was renamed the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. In November 2004, Karzai was elected the first democratically elected president in Afghanistan's history by absolute advantage.

　　 National Flag: On February 5, 2002, Afghanistan adopted a new national flag. The new national flag was designed in accordance with the 1964 Afghan Constitution and consists of black, red, and green strips and the Afghan national emblem.

　　 The population of Afghanistan is approximately 28.5 million (estimated in July 2004). Among them, Pashtuns account for 38-44% and Tajiks account for 25%. In addition, there are more than 20 ethnic minorities such as Uzbek, Hazara, Turkmen, Baluch and Nuristan. The official languages ​​are Pashto and Dari (i.e. Persian). Other local languages ​​include Uzbek, Baluchistan, Turkish, etc. More than 98% of residents believe in Islam, of which 90% are Sunni and the rest are Shia.

　　Afghanistan is a backward agriculture and animal husbandry country. In 1971, it was listed by the United Nations as one of the least developed countries in the world. Azerbaijan's mineral resources are relatively rich, but they have not been fully developed. At present, the proven resources mainly include natural gas, coal, salt, chromium, iron, copper, mica and emeralds. Years of war have caused the industrial base of Afghanistan to collapse. Light industry and handicraft are the main industries, mainly textiles, fertilizers, cement, leather, carpets, electricity, sugar and agricultural products processing. Handicraft industry accounts for about 42% of industrial output value. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main pillars of the national economy of Afghanistan. The population of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for 80% of the total population of the country. Cultivated land is less than 10% of the total land area of ​​the country. The main crops include wheat, cotton, sugar beets, dried fruits and various fruits. The main livestock products are fat-tailed sheep, cattle and goats.

Main cities

　　Kabul: Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan, the capital of Kabul Province and the largest city in Afghanistan. It is a famous city with a history of more than 3,000 years and became the capital of Afghanistan after 1773. "Kabul" means "trade center" in Sindhi.

　　 Kabul is located in eastern Afghanistan, on the southern foot of the Hindu Kush Mountain, on a valley at an altitude of 1,800 meters. The terrain is dangerous and the surrounding mountains are surrounded by U-shaped mountains. The Kabul River flows through the city center and divides Kabul City into two, with the old city on the south bank and the new city on the north bank. The new city is relatively prosperous. Most of the commercial districts, palaces, official residences and high-end residences are concentrated here. There are many palaces in the city. The more famous ones are Gulhana Palace, Dirkusa Palace, Saladat Palace, Rose Palace and Dar Aman Palace etc. Dar Aman Palace is the seat of parliament and government departments.

　　 In Maywand Street in the center of Kabul, there is a green Maywand Monument, surrounded by four cannons. On the hillsides around the city, stone mountains, ancient towers, ancient tombs, ancient forts, Islamic churches and temples abound. The famous ones are Shahidusham Shira Temple, Babel Mausoleum, King Mohammed Dinard Shah Mausoleum, National Museum, Archaeological Museum, etc. The "Zah" shrine in the south of the city is an Islamic roof-style building and is the residence of Ali, the founder of the Shia sect of Islam. There is a huge boulder about 30 to 40 meters away from the shrine, and a large seam about 2 meters long and 1 meter wide is split in the center. Legend has it that it is the holy relic left by Ali's sword splitting the boulder.