I-Afghanistan ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-652,300. Itholakala empambanweni yomgwaqo eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, e-South Asia nase-Asia Ephakathi.Kuyindawo ebalulekile yezindawo zokuhamba phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu. Unqunywe yiTurkmenistan, iUzbekistan neTajikistan ngasenyakatho, isiqeshana esincanyana semingcele esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yemingcele yePakistan, nasentshonalanga kunqamula i-Iran. Le ndawo inezintaba, amathafa nezintaba kuhlala indawo ka-4/5 yezwe.Inyakatho naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ikakhulu ngamathafa, futhi kunezingwadule eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Isimo sezulu sezwekazi senza izwe lome futhi lingabi nemvula kangako, ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa minyaka yonke kanye nansuku zonke nezinkathi ezisobala. I-Afghanistan

I-Afghanistan ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-652,300. Kutholakala empambanweni yeNtshonalanga ye-Asia, i-Asia eseNingizimu ne-Asia Ephakathi, kuyindawo ebalulekile yezindawo njengesixhumanisi esiyinhloko phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu. Unqunywe yiTurkmenistan, iUzbekistan neTajikistan ngasenyakatho, isiqeshana esincanyana semingcele esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yemingcele yePakistan, nasentshonalanga kunqamula i-Iran. Le ndawo iyizintaba, amathafa nezintaba zi-akhawunti ka-4/5 yendawo yezwe, enyakatho naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ikakhulukazi amathafa, futhi kunezingwadule eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Ukuphakama okujwayelekile ngamamitha ayi-1 000. Uhla lwamaHindu Kush olukhulu kunazo zonke ezweni luwela eningizimu-ntshonalanga ukusuka enyakatho-mpumalanga. Imifula emikhulu yi-Amu Darya, Helmand, Kabul neHairirud. Isimo sezulu sezwekazi senza izwe lome futhi lingabi nemvula encane, ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa minyaka yonke nangosuku, izinkathi zonyaka ezisobala, amakhaza amakhulu ebusika nehlobo elishisa ngokweqile.

I-Afghanistan ihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingama-33, ezihlukaniswe izifunda, izifunda, amalokishi kanye nemizana.

Ngaphambi kwekhulu le-15, i-Afghanistan yayiyisikhungo sokuhwebelana nokuhwebelana ngamasiko phakathi kweYurophu, iMiddle East neNdiya kanye neFar East. Ngemuva kokuvulwa komzila wasolwandle osuka eYurophu uye eNdiya ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, i-Afghanistan yavalwa. Ngo-1747, abantu base-Afghanistan baxosha abahlaseli bakwamanye amazwe futhi basungula umbuso ozimele futhi owake waba namandla wase-Afghanistan, baba izwe lamaSulumane elilandela uMbuso Wase-Ottoman kuphela. Ngo-1878, iBrithani yahlasela i-Afghanistan okwesibili futhi yasayina iSivumelwano SaseGandamak ne-Afghanistan, futhi i-Afghanistan yalahlekelwa amandla ayo. Ngo-1895, iBrithani neRussia benza isivumelwano sokuhlukanisa ngasese isifunda sasePamir futhi babeke isifunda saseVakhan njengendawo ye-buffer yaseBrithani-Russian. Ngo-1919, abantu base-Afghanistan bathola inkululeko ngemuva kokunqoba ukuhlasela kweBrithani okwesithathu. Ngo-Ephreli 1978, iqembu i-Afghan People’s Democratic Party laqala umbutho wamasosha wokuketula uhulumeni futhi lashintsha igama laba iDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan. Amasosha aseSoviet ahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-1979. NgoNovemba 1987, iGreat Loya Jirga e-Afghanistan yathatha isinqumo sokushintsha ngokusemthethweni igama leDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan libe yiRepublic of Afghanistan. NgoFebhuwari 15, 1989, iSoviet Union yaphoqeleka ukuthi ihoxise amasosha ayo e-Afghanistan. Ngo-Ephreli 28, 1992, izwe laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Islamic State of Afghanistan. Ngo-Okthoba 1997, leli lizwe laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi yi-Islamic Emirate yase-Afghanistan. NgoNovemba 2004, uKarzai wakhethwa waba ngumongameli wokuqala wentando yeningi emlandweni wase-Afghanistan ngenzuzo ephelele.

Ifulegi Lesizwe: NgoFebhuwari 5, 2002, i-Afghanistan yamukela ifulegi lesizwe elisha. Ifulege elisha likazwelonke laklanywa ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo wase-Afghan wase-1964 futhi liqukethe imichilo emnyama, ebomvu, nohlaza kanye nesibonakaliso sezwe lase-Afghanistan.

Abantu base-Afghanistan bacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-28.5 (kulinganiselwa ngoJulayi 2004). Phakathi kwabo, i-Pashtuns i-38-44%, i-Tajiks i-25%, futhi kunezinhlanga ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezincane ezibandakanya i-Uzbek, i-Hazara, i-Turkmen, i-Baluch ne-Nuristan. Izilimi ezisemthethweni isiPashto nesiDari (isb Persian). Ezinye izilimi zasendaweni zifaka i-Uzbek, Baluchistan, Turkish, njll. Izakhamizi ezingaphezu kwama-98% zikholelwa enkolweni yamaSulumane, ezingama-90% angamaSunni kanti amanye angamaShia.

I-Afghanistan iyizwe elihlehlela emuva kwezolimo nokufuya. Ngo-1971, yabalwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe njengelinye lamazwe angathuthukile emhlabeni. Izinsizakusebenza zase-Azerbaijan zicebile uma kuqhathaniswa, kepha azikakhiwa ngokuphelele. Njengamanje, izinsizakusebenza ezifakazelwe ikakhulu zifaka igesi yemvelo, amalahle, usawoti, i-chromium, i-iron, ithusi, i-mica nama-emeralds. Iminyaka yempi idale ukuthi isisekelo sezimboni sase-Afghanistan siwe. Imboni ekhanyayo nomsebenzi wezandla yizimboni eziyinhloko, ikakhulukazi izindwangu, umanyolo, usimende, isikhumba, okhaphethi, ugesi, ushukela nokucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Imboni yezandla yenza cishe i-42% yenani lokukhishwa kwezimboni. Ezolimo kanye nokufuya yizinsika ezinkulu zomnotho wezwe wase-Afghanistan. Inani lezolimo kanye nokufuywa kwemfuyo kubalwa ngama-80% enani labantu ezweni. Umhlaba olinywayo ungaphansi kuka-10% wendawo isiyonke yezwe. Izitshalo ezinkulu zifaka ukolweni, ukotini, izithombo zikashukela, izithelo ezomisiwe nezithelo ezahlukahlukene. Imikhiqizo eyinhloko yemfuyo izimvu ezinomsila ononile, izinkomo nezimbuzi.

Amadolobha amakhulu

I-Kabul: IKabul inhlokodolobha yase-Afghanistan, inhlokodolobha yeSifundazwe saseKabul nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Afghanistan. Kuyidolobha elidumile elinomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwe-3,000 futhi laba yinhloko-dolobha yase-Afghanistan ngemuva kwe-1773. "Kabul" kusho "isikhungo sokuhweba" eSindhi.

IKabul isempumalanga ye-Afghanistan, onyaweni oluseningizimu lweHindu Kush Mountain, esigodini endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1 800. Indawo leyo iyingozi futhi izintaba ezizungezile zizungezwe izintaba ezimise okwe-U. Umfula iKabul ugeleza udabule enkabeni yedolobha futhi uhlukanise iKabul City kabili, nedolobha elidala ebhange laseningizimu nedolobha elisha ebhange lasenyakatho. Idolobha elisha lichuma ngokwedlulele.Izindawo eziningi zamabhizinisi, izigodlo, izindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezisezingeni eliphakeme zigxile lapha.Kunezigodlo eziningi edolobheni, ezaziwa kakhulu yiGulhana Palace, iDirkusa Palace, iSaladat Palace, iRose Palace neDar Aman Isigodlo njll. IDar Aman Palace iyisihlalo sephalamende neminyango kahulumeni.

KuMaywand Street enkabeni yeKabul, kukhona iSikhumbuzo seMaywand esiluhlaza okotshani, esizungezwe izinganono ezine. Emagqumeni azungeze idolobha, izintaba zamatshe, imibhoshongo yasendulo, amathuna asendulo, izinqaba zasendulo, amasonto amaSulumane namathempeli kugcwele. Abadumile yiThempeli laseShahidusham Shira, iBabel Mausoleum, iKing Mohammed Dinard Shah Mausoleum, iNational Museum, i-Archaeological Museum, njll. Ithempeli lika "Zah" eliseningizimu yedolobha liyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngophahla lwamaSulumane futhi yindawo yokuhlala u-Ali, umsunguli wehlelo lamaShia lamaSulumane. Kunedwala elikhulu eliqhele ngamamitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-40 ukusuka ethempelini.Umthungo omkhulu ongamamitha ama-2 ubude nobubanzi bemitha eli-1 buhlukaniswe phakathi nendawo.Ngokusho kwenganekwane, kuyiculo elingcwele elishiywe yinkemba ka-Ali elihlukanisa itshe.