I-Afghanistan igubungela indawo ye-652,300 yeekhilomitha.Ifumaneka kumda we-West Asia, South Asia kunye ne-Central Asia.Yindawo ebalulekileyo yokuhamba phakathi koMntla noMzantsi. Umda umda yiTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, kunye neTajikistan ukuya emantla, umda omxinwa ophume emantla mpuma eTshayina, empuma nasempuma mpuma wePakistan, nasentshona umda weIran. Ummandla weentaba, amathafa kunye neentaba zihlala kwi-4/5 yommandla welizwe, emantla nasentshona-ntshona ubukhulu becala ngamathafa, kwaye emazantsi-ntshona aneentlango. Imozulu yelizwekazi yenza ukuba ilizwe lome kwaye lingabi nemvula kangako, umahluko omkhulu kubushushu bonyaka kunye nemihla ngemihla namaxesha onyaka acacileyo.

I-Afghanistan igubungela ummandla we-652,300 yeekhilomitha ezizikwere. Ibekwe kwindawo ekudibana kuyo i-West Asia, i-Asia yoMzantsi kunye ne-Asia esembindini, ibalulekile indawo ekuyo njengesiqhagamshelo esiphambili phakathi koMntla noMzantsi. Umda umda yiTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, kunye neTajikistan ukuya emantla, umda omxinwa ophume emantla mpuma eTshayina, empuma nasempuma mpuma wePakistan, nasentshona umda weIran. Lo mmandla uyintaba, amathafa kunye neentaba zenza i-4/5 yommandla welizwe, emantla nasentshona-ntshona ubukhulu becala ngamathafa, kwaye kukho iintlango kumazantsi-ntshona. Ukuphakama komndilili ziimitha ezili-1 000. Olona luhlu lukhulu lwentaba yamaHindu Kush kweli lizwe lihamba ngokwediagonally ukusuka emantla mpuma ukuya emazantsi mpuma. Eyona milambo iphambili yiAmu Darya, Helmand, Kabul kunye neHarrud. Imozulu yelizwekazi yenza ukuba ilizwe lome kwaye lingabi nemvula kangako, umahluko omkhulu kubushushu bonyaka kunye nemihla ngemihla, amaxesha abonakalayo, kubanda kakhulu ebusika kunye nehlobo elishushu kakhulu.

I-Afghanistan yahlulwe yangamaphondo angama-33, ahlulwe aba zii-counties, izithili, iilokishi kunye neelali.

Phambi kwenkulungwane ye-15, iAfghanistan yayiliziko lezorhwebo notshintshiselwano ngenkcubeko phakathi kweYurophu, uMbindi Mpuma kunye neIndiya kunye neMpuma Ekude. Emva kokuba indlela yaselwandle esuka eYurophu isiya eIndiya yavulwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, iAfghanistan yavalwa. Ngo-1747, abantu base-Afghanistan bagxotha abahlaseli bamanye amazwe kwaye bamisela ubukumkani obuzimeleyo nobabunamandla base-Afghanistan, baba lilizwe lamaSilamsi elalilandela kuphela uBukhosi base-Ottoman. Ngo-1878, i-Bhritane yahlasela i-Afghanistan okwesibini yaza yasayina iSivumelwano se-Gandamak ne-Afghanistan, yaza i-Afghanistan yaphulukana namandla ayo. Kwi-1895, i-Bhritane ne-Russia bagqiba isivumelwano sokwahlula bucala ummandla wase-Pamir kwaye babeke ummandla wase-Vakhan njengendawo ye-buffer yase-Bhritane-Russian. Ngo-1919, abantu base-Afghan bafumana inkululeko emva kokoyisa uhlaselo lwesithathu lwase-Bhritane. Ngo-Epreli 1978, iAfrican People's Democratic Party yaphehlelela umkhosi wamavukelambuso wokubhukuqa urhulumente watshintsha igama waba yiDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan. Umkhosi waseSoviet wahlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-1979. Ngo-Novemba u-1987, i-Great Loya Jirga e-Afghanistan yathatha isigqibo sokutshintsha ngokusemthethweni igama le-Democratic Republic of Afghanistan kwiRiphabhlikhi yase-Afghanistan. NgoFebruwari 15, 1989, iSoviet Union yanyanzelwa ukuba irhoxise imikhosi yayo eAfghanistan. Ngo-Epreli 28, 1992, eli lizwe labizwa ngokuba liLizwe lamaSilamsi e-Afghanistan. Ngo-Okthobha u-1997 ilizwe labizwa ngokuba yi-Islamic Emirate yase-Afghanistan. Ngo-Novemba u-2004, u-Karzai wonyulwa njengo-Mongameli wokuqala wentando yesininzi kwimbali yase-Afghanistan.

Iflegi yeSizwe: Nge-5 kaFebruwari 2002, i-Afghanistan yamkela iflegi entsha yelizwe. Iflegi entsha yesizwe yayilwa ngokungqinelana noMgaqo-siseko wase-Afghan wase-1964 kwaye inemigca emnyama, ebomvu, kunye nohlaza kunye nomfuziselo welizwe lase-Afghanistan.

Abemi baseAfghanistan bamalunga nezigidi ezingama-28.5 (eziqikelelwa ngoJulayi 2004). Phakathi kwabo, i-akhawunti yePastuns ye-38-44%, i-Tajiks i-akhawunti ye-25%, kwaye kukho ngaphezulu kwe-20 yeentlanga ezincinci kubandakanya i-Uzbek, iHazara, iTurkmen, iBaluch neNuristan. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni sisiPashto nesiDari (okt isiPersi) .Izinye iilwimi zalapha ekhaya zibandakanya i-Uzbek, Baluchistan, Turkish, njl. Ngaphezulu kwama-98% abahlali abakholelwa kwi-Islam, i-90% yabo ngamaSunni kwaye abanye ngamaShia.

I-Afghanistan lilizwe elibuyayo elibuyela umva kunye nelokulima.Ngonyaka we-1971, yayidweliswe liZizwe eziManyeneyo njengelinye lawona mazwe angawona aphuhlileyo emhlabeni. Izimbiwa zaseAzerbaijan zityebile noko, kodwa azikaphuhliswanga ngokupheleleyo. Okwangoku, izixhobo eziqinisekisiweyo ikakhulu zibandakanya irhasi yendalo, amalahle, ityuwa, i-chromium, isinyithi, ubhedu, imicah kunye ne-emeralds. Iminyaka yemfazwe ibangele ukuba isiseko seshishini saseAfghanistan siwe. Umzi mveliso wokukhanya ngokukodwa kunye nomzi mveliso wezandla, ikakhulu kubandakanya amalaphu, izichumisi, isamente, isikhumba, iikhaphethi, amandla ombane, iswekile kunye nokulungiswa kwemveliso yezolimo. Iingxelo zeshishini lezandla malunga neepesenti ezingama-42 zexabiso lemveliso. Ezolimo kunye nemfuyo zezona ntsika ziphambili kuqoqosho lwesizwe lwase-Afghanistan. Inani labemi bezolimo kunye nokufuya izilwanyana kubala i-80% yabemi beli lizwe. Umhlaba olinyiweyo ungaphantsi kwe-10% yommandla wonke welizwe. Izityalo eziphambili zibandakanya ingqolowa, umqhaphu, iisweets, iziqhamo ezomisiweyo kunye neziqhamo ezahlukileyo. Ezona mveliso ziphambili zemfuyo ziigusha ezinomsila otyebileyo, iinkomo kunye neebhokhwe.

Iidolophu eziphambili

I-Kabul: IKabul yidolophu enkulu ye-Afghanistan, ikomkhulu lePhondo laseKabul kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu e-Afghanistan. Sisixeko esidumileyo esinembali engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3 000 kwaye saba likomkhulu lase-Afghanistan emva kwe-1773. "Kabul" kuthetha "indawo yorhwebo" eSindhi.

I-Kabul ikwimpuma yeAfghanistan, emazantsi enyawo yeHindu Kush Mountain, kwintlambo ekuphakameni kweemitha ezili-1 800. Indawo leyo iyingozi kwaye iintaba ezijikelezileyo zijikelezwe ziintaba ezimile u-U. Umlambo iKabul uqukuqelela embindini wedolophu kwaye wahlulahlula isiXeko saseKabul kubini, kunye nesixeko esidala kwibhanki esemazantsi kunye nesixeko esitsha kwibhanki esemantla. Isixeko esitsha sichumile noko.Izithili ezininzi zamashishini, amabhotwe, iindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni kunye neendawo zokuhlala eziphezulu zigxile apha.Kuninzi amabhotwe esixekweni, eyona idumileyo yiGulhana Palace, Dirkusa Palace, Saladat Palace, Rose Palace kunye neDar Aman Ibhotwe njl. I-Dar Aman Palace sisihlalo sepalamente kunye namasebe karhulumente.

Kwisitalato iMaywand embindini weKabul, kukho ilitye lesikhumbuzo iMaywand eliluhlaza, elijikelezwe ziinkanunu ezine. Kwiinduli ezijikeleze isixeko, iintaba zamatye, iinqaba zakudala, amangcwaba amandulo, iinqaba zamandulo, iicawa zamaSilamsi kunye neetempile. Abadumileyo yiTempile yaseShahidu Shamshirah, iBhabheli Mausoleum, uKing Mohammed Dinard Shah Mausoleum, iMyuziyam kaZwelonke, iMyuziyam yase-Archaeological, njl. Indawo "Zah" esemazantsi esixeko sisakhiwo sophahla lwamaSilamsi kwaye yindawo yokuhlala ka-Ali, umseki wehlelo lamaShia lamaSilamsi. Kukho ilitye elikhulu elimalunga ne-30 ukuya kwi-40 yeemitha ukusuka kwindawo engcwele, kwaye umsizi omkhulu omalunga neemitha ezi-2 ubude kunye nemitha e-1 ububanzi yahlulwe embindini.