Israel, dzina lonse la State of Israel, malinga ndi Chisankho cha United Nations cha 1947 pa Partition ya Palestine, dera la State of Israel ndi 14,900 ma kilomita. Ili kumadzulo kwa Asia, malire ndi Lebanon kumpoto, Syria kumpoto chakum'mawa, Jordan kum'mawa, Mediterranean kumadzulo, ndi Gulf of Aqaba kumwera.Ndi mphambano ya Asia, Africa ndi Europe. Gombe ndi chigwa chachitali komanso chopapatiza, chakum'mawa kuli mapiri ndi zitunda. Ili ndi nyengo yaku Mediterranean.

Israeli ali ndi mbiri yakale ndipo ndi komwe kudabadwira zipembedzo zazikulu kwambiri zachiyuda, Chisilamu ndi Chikhristu. Makolo achiyuda akutali anali Ahebri, nthambi ya Semiti yakale. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 13 BC, adasamukira ku Palestina kuchokera ku Egypt ndikukhazikitsa Ufumu wa Chiheberi ndi Kingdom of Israel. Mu 722 ndi 586 BC, maufumu awiriwa adagonjetsedwa ndi Asuri ndikuwonongedwa ndi Ababulo. Aroma adalowa mu 63 BC, ndipo Ayuda ambiri adathamangitsidwa ku Palestina ndikupita ku ukapolo ku Europe ndi America. Palestine idalandidwa ndi Arab Arab m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo Arabu kuyambira pano akhala ochulukirapo okhala m'derali. Palestine idalandidwa ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman mzaka za 16th. Mu 1922, League of Nations idapereka "Mandate Mandate" ya United Kingdom ku Palestine, ndikulamula kuti kukhazikitsidwe "Nyumba ya Chiyuda" ku Palestina. Pambuyo pake, Ayuda ochokera konsekonse padziko lapansi adasamukira ku Palestina mwaunyinji. Pa Novembala 29, 1947, United Nations General Assembly idapereka chigamulo chokhazikitsa dziko lachiarabu komanso dziko lachiyuda ku Palestina. State of Israel idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo pa Meyi 14, 1948.

Mbendera yadziko: Ndi yaying'ono, yamtundu wautali mpaka m'lifupi ndi pafupifupi 3: 2. Mbendera ili yoyera ndi buluu pamwamba ndi pansi. Mitundu ya buluu ndi yoyera imachokera ku mtundu wa shawl womwe Ayuda amagwiritsa ntchito popemphera. Pakatikati pa mbendera yoyera pali nyenyezi yabuluu ya milozo 6. Iyi ndi nyenyezi ya Mfumu Davide waku Israeli wakale ndipo ikuyimira mphamvu yadzikolo.

Israeli ali ndi anthu 7.15 miliyoni (mu Epulo 2007, kuphatikiza okhala Ayuda ku West Bank ndi East Jerusalem), omwe 5.72 miliyoni ndi Ayuda, omwe amawerengera 80% (pafupifupi 44% mwa Ayuda 13 miliyoni padziko lapansi), Pali Aarabu mamiliyoni 1.43, owerengera 20%, ndi ochepa a Druze ndi Bedouins. Kukula kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe ndi 1.7%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi anthu 294 pa kilomita lalikulu. Zonsezi Chiheberi ndi Chiarabu ndizilankhulo zovomerezeka, ndipo Chingerezi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ambiri okhalamo amakhulupirira Chiyuda, pomwe ena onse amakhulupirira Chisilamu, Chikhristu ndi zipembedzo zina.

Kwa zaka zopitilira 50, Israeli, ndi malo ake osauka komanso kuchepa kwa chuma, apitiliza kutenga msewu wa dziko lolimba ndi sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kuyang'anira maphunziro ndi maphunziro aanthu, kuti chuma chikule bwino. Mu 1999, GDP ya munthu aliyense idafika 1. $ 60,000. Kupanga kwa mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri ku Israel kwachititsa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka chifukwa chaukadaulo wapamwamba komanso maubwino azamagetsi, kulumikizana, mapulogalamu apakompyuta, zida zamankhwala, ukadaulo wa biotechnology, ulimi, komanso ndege. Israeli ili pamphepete mwa chipululu ndipo ilibe madzi. Kuchepa kwamadzi kwapangitsa kuti Israeli ipange ukadaulo wopulumutsiramo madzi wothirira muulimi, kugwiritsa ntchito kwathunthu madzi omwe alipo kale ndikusandutsa chipululu chachikulu kukhala malo opezekako. Alimi omwe ali ndi ochepera 5% ya anthu onse samangodyetsa anthu, komanso amagulitsa kunja zipatso zochuluka kwambiri, ndiwo zamasamba, maluwa ndi thonje.

Phiri la Kachisi ndiye malo opatulika kwambiri kwa Ayuda.Solomoni, mwana wa Mfumu David waku Yudeya mzaka zam'ma 1 BC, adatenga zaka 7 ndikuwononga anthu 200,000 paphiri ku Yerusalemu, lomwe pambuyo pake lidadziwika Kachisi wokongola kwambiri adamangidwa pa Phiri la Kachisi (lotchedwanso Phiri la Kachisi) ngati malo olambirira Ambuye wachiyuda Yehova.iyi ndi kachisi woyamba wotchuka ku Yerusalemu. Mu 586 BC, gulu lankhondo laku Babulo lidalanda Yerusalemu, ndipo kachisi woyamba adawonongedwa Pambuyo pake, Ayuda adamanganso kachisi kawiri, koma adawonongedwa kawiri munthawi yolanda Aroma. Tchalitchi chotchuka choteteza Malo Opatulikitsa chinamangidwanso pamabwinja a Kachisi Woyamba womangidwa ndi Herode Woyamba mu 37 BC pa Solomo. Kachisi wa Herode adawonongedwa ndi Tito Legion waku Roma Wakale mu 70 AD. Pambuyo pake, Ayuda adamanga khoma la mita 52 kutalika ndi mita 19 kutalika pamabwinja a kachisi woyambirira wachiyuda wokhala ndi miyala yochokera pakachisi woyambirira. "Khoma Kumadzulo". Ayuda amatchedwa "Khoma Lolira" ndipo amakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupembedza kwachiyuda masiku ano.

Yerusalemu: Yerusalemu uli pamapiri anayi a mapiri a Yudeya mkatikati mwa Palestina.Umene ndi mzinda wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi wokhala ndi mbiri yoposa zaka 5,000. Chozunguliridwa ndi mapiri, chimakwirira dera lalikulu ma 158 ma kilomita ndipo chimakhala ndi mzinda wakale kum'mawa ndi mzinda watsopano kumadzulo. Pamtunda wa mamita 835 ndi 634,000 (2000), ndiye mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Israeli.

Mzinda Wakale wa Yerusalemu ndi mzinda wopembedza wopatulika ndipo ndi komwe kudabadwira zipembedzo zazikulu zitatu zachiyuda, Chisilamu ndi Chikhristu.Zipembedzo zonse zitatuzi zimawona Yerusalemu ngati malo awo opatulika. Chipembedzo ndi miyambo, mbiri ndi zamulungu, komanso malo opatulika ndi nyumba zopempherera, zimapangitsa Yerusalemu kukhala mzinda wopatulika wolemekezedwa ndi Ayuda, Akhristu komanso Asilamu.

Malo omwe panali Yerusalemu poyamba amatchedwa "Jebus" chifukwa kalekale, fuko la Akanani achiarabu otchedwa "Jebus" adasamuka kuchokera ku Arabia Peninsula kuti akakhazikike pano ndikumanga midzi. Mangani nyumba yachifumu ndipo tchulani malowa pambuyo pa fuko. Pambuyo pake, Akanani adamanga mzinda kuno nawutcha "Yuro Salim". Pafupifupi zaka chikwi chimodzi BC, David, yemwe adayambitsa Chiyuda, adagonjetsa malowa ndikuwugwiritsa ntchito ngati likulu la Ufumu wachiyuda. Adapitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito dzina loti "Yuro Salim". Euro Salam ". Chinese amatanthauzira izi ngati "Yerusalemu", kutanthauza "Mzinda Wamtendere". Aarabu amatcha mzindawu "Gourdes", kapena "Mzinda Woyera".

Mzinda wakale wa Yerusalemu wakhala mzinda womwe anthu aku Palestine ndi Aisraeli amakhala limodzi. Malinga ndi nthano, m'zaka za zana la 10 BC, mwana wamwamuna wa Davide Solomo adalowa m'malo mwake nkumanga kachisi wachiyuda pa Phiri la Ziyoni ku Yerusalemu. Unali likulu la zochitika zakale zachipembedzo ndi ndale zachiyuda, chifukwa chake Chiyuda chidatenga Yerusalemu ngati malo opatulika. Pambuyo pake, khoma lamzinda lidamangidwa pamabwinja amakachisi, otchedwa "khoma lofuula" ndi Ayuda, ndipo lakhala chinthu chopembedzera chofunikira kwambiri chachiyuda masiku ano.

Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa, Mzinda Wakale wa Yerusalemu udamangidwanso ndikukonzanso maulendo 18. Mu 1049 BC, unali mzinda wakale wa ufumu wakale wa Israeli motsogozedwa ndi Mfumu David. Mu 586 BC, Mfumu Nebukadinezara Wachiwiri waku New Babeloni (tsopano Iraq) adalanda mzindawu ndikuupasula. Mu 532 BC, idalandidwa ndikugwidwa ndi King of Persia. Pambuyo pa zaka za zana lachinayi BC, Yerusalemu adalumikizana ndi maufumu a Makedoniya, Ptolemy, ndi Seleucid. Pamene Roma idalanda Yerusalemu mu 63 BC, adathamangitsa Ayuda mzindawo. Kupondereza Aroma kwa Ayuda ku Palestina kunadzetsa zipolowe zazikulu zinayi.Aroma adachita kuponderezana kwamagazi, anapha Ayuda opitilila miliyoni, ndipo Ayuda ambiri adalandidwa ku Europe ndikusandulika ukapolo. Ayuda omwe adapulumuka tsokalo adathawa wina ndi mnzake, makamaka ku Britain, France, Italy, Germany ndi madera ena, ndipo pambuyo pake ambiri ku Russia, Eastern Europe, North America, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo kuyambira pomwepo adayamba mbiri yomvetsa chisoni ya ukapolo wachiyuda. M'chaka cha 636 AD, Arabu adagonjetsa Aroma. Kuyambira pamenepo, Yerusalemu wakhala pansi paulamuliro wachisilamu.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 11, Papa waku Roma ndi mafumu aku Europe adakhazikitsa nkhondo zamtendere zambiri mdzina la "kubwezeretsa mzinda wopatulika". Mu 1099, Asilamuwo adalanda Yerusalemu kenako nakhazikitsa "Kingdom of Jerusalem." Idakhala pafupifupi zaka zana. Mu 1187, Arab Sultan Saladin adagonjetsa Asitikali Ankhondo pankhondo ya Hedian kumpoto kwa Palestina ndikubwezeretsanso Yerusalemu. Kuyambira mu 1517 mpaka nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike, Yerusalemu anali pansi paulamuliro wa Ottoman.

Pafupi ndi tawuni ya Betelehemu, pamtunda wa makilomita 17 kumwera kwa Yerusalemu, kuli phanga lotchedwa Mahed. Yesu adaphunzira ku Yerusalemu ali mwana, kenako adalalikira pano, akudzitcha yekha Khristu (ie Mpulumutsi), ndipo pambuyo pake adapachikidwa ndi akuluakulu achiyuda pamtanda kunja kwa mzindawo ndikuikidwako. Nthano imanena kuti Yesu adauka m'manda patatha masiku atatu atamwalira ndipo adapita kumwamba patatha masiku 40. Mu 335 AD, Hilana, mayi wa mfumu yakale ya ku Roma Constantine I, adakwera ulendo wopita ku Yerusalemu ndikumanga tchalitchi cha kuuka kwa akufa pamanda a Yesu, chotchedwanso Church of the Holy Sepulcher .Choncho, Chikhristu chimayang'ana Yerusalemu ngati malo opatulika.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, mneneri wa Chisilamu Muhammad adalalikira ku Arabia Peninsula ndipo adatsutsidwa ndi olemekezeka akumaloko ku Mecca. Usiku wina, adadzutsidwa m'maloto ndipo adakwera kavalo wofiirira ndi mutu wa mkazi wotumidwa ndi mngelo. Kuchokera ku Mecca kupita ku Yerusalemu, adadutsa mwala wopatulika ndikuwulukira mpaka m'miyamba isanu ndi inayi. Atalandira kudzoza kuchokera kumwamba, adabwerera ku Mecca usiku womwewo. Iyi ndi "Night Walk ndi Dangxiao" yotchuka mu Chisilamu, ndipo ndi imodzi mwaziphunzitso zofunikira za Asilamu. Chifukwa cha nthano iyi yoyenda usiku, Yerusalemu wakhala malo achitatu opatulikitsa mu Chisilamu pambuyo pa Mecca ndi Medina.

Ndiko chifukwa Yerusalemu ndi malo atatu achipembedzo. Kuti mupikisane nawo malo opatulikawa, pakhala pali nkhondo zoopsa zambiri kuyambira nthawi zakale. Yerusalemu wagwetsedweratu pansi maulendo 18, koma wakhala akumukweza nthawi iliyonse.Chifukwa chachikulu ndichakuti ndi malo opatulika achipembedzo odziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu ena amati Yerusalemu ndi mzinda wokongola womwe suwonedwapo mobwerezabwereza koma wolemekezedwa kwambiri. Chaka cha 1860 chisanafike, Yerusalemu anali ndi linga la mzindawo, ndipo mzindawu udagawika m'magulu anayi okhalamo: Ayuda, Asilamu, Armenia, ndi Chikhristu. Panthawiyo, Ayuda, omwe anali kale ambiri mwa anthu amzindawu, adayamba kumanga malo okhala kunja kwa mpanda wamzindawu, ndikupanga maziko a Yerusalemu wamakono. Kuchokera m'tawuni yaying'ono kupita ku mzinda wopambana, malo ambiri okhalamo amapangidwa, iliyonse yomwe imawonetsera mawonekedwe am'magulu ena kumeneko.

Mzinda Watsopano wa Yerusalemu uli kumadzulo.Umene udakhazikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa zaka za zana la 19. Ndiwowirikiza kukula kwa Mzinda Wakale.Ndiwo makamaka kwawo kwa mabungwe asayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Pali nyumba zamakono zamakono mbali zonse ziwiri za mseu, pakati pa mzere wa nyumba zazitali, nyumba zogona zabwino komanso zokongola zama hotelo, ndi malo ogulitsira akuluakulu okhala ndi unyinji, wokhala ndi mapaki okongola. Mzinda wakalewu uli kum'mawa, wazunguliridwa ndi khoma lalitali.Malo ena achipembedzo odziwika ali mumzinda wakale.Mwachitsanzo, mwala wopatulika womwe Muhammad adaponda pomwe adakwera kumwamba usiku udali pamalo omwewo ngati nyumba yamasiku a Mecca Kerr. Mzikiti wa Helai, Al-Aqsa Mosque, mzikiti wachitatu waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi utatha Mzikiti Woyera wa Mecca ndi Nyumba ya Mneneri ku Medina, ndi zina zambiri, mayina onse, zochitika ndi zochitika zokhudzana nazo zotchulidwa mu "Chipangano Chakale" ndi "Chipangano Chatsopano" M'derali, muli matchalitchi ndi akachisi ofanana nawo mumzindawu. Yerusalemu ndi umodzi mwamizinda yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Yerusalemu ndi wakale komanso wamasiku ano. Ndi mzinda wosiyanasiyana. Anthu okhalamo akuyimira kuphatikiza zikhalidwe komanso mafuko osiyanasiyana, omvera kwambiri malamulo ovomerezeka ndi moyo wakudziko. Mzindawu sikuti umangosunga zakale zokha, komanso umamangirira zamtsogolo.Umakhalanso malo obwezeretsa mbiri yakale, malo okongoletsa mosamalitsa, madera amabizinesi amakono, malo osungira mafakitale, ndi madera owonjezera, kuwonetsa kupitiriza kwake komanso kulimba kwake.