I-Israyeli inomlando omude futhi iyindawo yokuzalwa yezinkolo ezinkulu zomhlaba ubuJuda, ubuSulumane nobuKrestu. Okhokho bamaJuda abakude kwakungamaHeberu, igatsha lamaSemite asendulo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 BC, wathuthela ePalestine esuka eGibhithe futhi wasungula uMbuso wesiHeberu noMbuso wakwa-Israyeli. Ngo-722 no-586 BC, le mibuso emibili yanqotshwa ngabase-Asiriya yabe isibhujiswa abaseBabiloni. AmaRoma ahlasela ngo-63 BC, futhi iningi lamaJuda laxoshwa ePalestine laya ekudingisweni eYurophu naseMelika. IPalestine yayiphethwe uMbuso Wama-Arab ngekhulu lesi-7, futhi ama-Arabhu selokhu aba yiningi lezakhamizi zakule ndawo. IPalestine yahlanganiswa noMbuso Wase-Ottoman ngekhulu le-16. Ngo-1922, i-League of Nations yadlulisa "iMandate Mandate" yase-United Kingdom ePalestine, yagcizelela ukusungulwa kwe "House of the Jewish People" ePalestine. Kamuva, amaJuda avela kuwo wonke umhlaba athuthela ePalestine ngamanani amakhulu. NgoNovemba 29, 1947, i-United Nations General Assembly yadlulisa isinqumo sokumisa izwe lama-Arabhu kanye nelamaJuda ePalestine. Umbuso wakwa-Israyeli wasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoMeyi 14, 1948.

Ifulegi likazwelonke: Lingunxande, isilinganiso sobude nobubanzi simayelana no-3: 2. Ifulege lomhlaba limhlophe nebhande eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phezulu nangaphansi. Imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokumhlophe ivela kumbala weshawuli osetshenziswa amaJuda emthandazweni. Maphakathi nefulegi elimhlophe kunenkanyezi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enamaphoyinti ayisithupha.Le yinkanyezi yeNkosi uDavida wakwa-Israyeli wasendulo futhi ikhombisa amandla ezwe.

I-Israel inabantu abayizigidi eziyi-7.15 (ngo-Ephreli 2007, kufaka phakathi abahlali abangamaJuda eWest Bank nase-East Jerusalem), okuyizigidi ezingama-5.72 ezingamaJuda, ezibala ama-80% (cishe ama-44% wamaJuda ayi-13 wezigidi emhlabeni), Kunama-Arabhu ayizigidi ezingama-1.43, abalwa ngama-20%, kanye nenani elincane lamaDruze namaBedouins. Izinga lokukhula kwesibalo semvelo liyi-1.7%, futhi inani labantu lingabantu abangama-294 ngekhilomitha-skwele. Kokubili isiHeberu nesi-Arabhu yizilimi ezisemthethweni, futhi isiNgisi sisetshenziswa kakhulu. Iningi lezakhamizi likholelwa ebuJudeni, kanti abanye bakholelwa kubuSulumane, ebuKristwini nakwezinye izinkolo.

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, u-Israyeli, nomhlaba wakhe ompofu nokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza, uphikelele ekuthatheni umgwaqo wezwe eliqinile ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ebhekela ezemfundo nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, ukuze umnotho ukwazi ukukhula ngokushesha.Ku-1999, i-GDP yomuntu ngamunye yafinyelela ku-1. $ 60,000. Ukuthuthuka kwezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zakwa-Israyeli kudonse ukunaka komhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi ngobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile kanye nezinzuzo ku-elekthronikhi, ukuxhumana, isoftware yamakhompiyutha, imishini yezokwelapha, ubunjiniyela be-biotechnology, ezolimo nezindiza. I-Israel itholakala onqenqemeni lwendawo eyihlane futhi ayinayo imithombo yamanzi. Ukushoda okukhulu kwamanzi kuholele abakwa-Israel ukuthi bakhe ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amanzi bokuchelela okwehlukile kwezolimo, basebenzise ngokugcwele imithombo ekhona yamanzi futhi baphendule ugwadule olukhulu lube yi-oasis. Abalimi abanabantu abangaphansi kuka-5% besibalo sabantu abagcini nje ngokudla abantu, kodwa futhi bathumela inqwaba yezithelo ezisezingeni eliphakeme, imifino, izimbali nokotini.

IThempeli iThempeli liyindawo engcwele ebaluleke kunazo zonke kumaJuda.USolomoni, indodana yeNkosi uDavida waseJudiya enkulungwaneni yokuqala yeminyaka BC, uthathe iminyaka eyisikhombisa wasebenzisa abantu abangama-200,000 egqumeni elaliseJerusalema, eladuma kamuva Ithempeli elihle kakhulu lakhiwa egqumeni lethempeli (elaziwa nangokuthi iThempeli Ntaba) njengendawo yokukhonza unkulunkulu wamaJuda iNkosi uJehova.Leli yithempeli lokuqala elidumile eJerusalema. Ngo-586 BC, ibutho laseBabiloni lathumba iJerusalema, kwathi ithempeli lokuqala labhujiswa.Kamuva, amaJuda akha kabusha ithempeli kabili, kodwa labhujiswa kabili ngesikhathi sokuphathwa amaRoma. Isakhiwo esidumile esivikela iNdawo Engcwelengcwele sakhiwa kabusha emanxiweni eThempeli Lokuqala elakhiwa nguHerode I the Great ngonyaka ka-37 ngaphambi kukaSolomoni. Ithempeli likaHerode labhujiswa yiTitus Legion of Ancient Rome ngo-AD 70. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaJuda akha udonga olungamamitha angama-52 nobude obungamamitha ayi-19 emanxiweni ethempeli lokuqala lamaJuda ngamatshe avela ethempelini lokuqala. "West Wall". AmaJuda abizwa ngokuthi "Udonga Olukhalayo" futhi abe yinto yokukhulekela ebaluleke kakhulu ebuJudeni namuhla.

IJerusalema: IJerusalema lisemagqumeni amane ezintaba zaseJudiya maphakathi nePalestine.Lidolobha lomlando elidume umhlaba wonke elinomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 000. Izungezwe izintaba, ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-158 futhi iqukethe idolobha elidala elisempumalanga nedolobha elisha entshonalanga. Ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-835 kanye nama-634,000 (2000), idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kwa-Israyeli.

Idolobha Elidala laseJerusalema lidolobha elingcwele lenkolo futhi lapho kuzalwa khona izinkolo ezintathu ezinkulu zobuJuda, ubuSulumane nobuKrestu.Zonke lezi zinkolo zibheka iJerusalema njengendawo yalo engcwele. Inkolo namasiko, umlando nemfundiso yenkolo, kanye nezindawo ezingcwele nezindlu zomkhuleko, kwenza iJerusalema libe ngumuzi ongcwele ohlonishwa amaJuda, amaKrestu namaSulumane.

Indawo eyayikhona iJerusalema yaqale yabizwa nge- "Jebus" ngoba kudala, isizwe samaKhanani ama-Arab esiqanjwe nge- "Jebus" sathutha ePeninsula yase-Arabia sayohlala lapha sakha nemizana. Yakha isigodlo uqambe lendawo ngesizwe. Kamuva, amaKhanani akha idolobha lapha alibiza ngokuthi "iYuro Salim". Cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kukaKristu, uDavid, umsunguli woMbuso WamaJuda, wanqoba le ndawo wayisebenzisa njengenhloko-dolobha yoMbuso wamaJuda. Waqhubeka nokusebenzisa igama elithi "Yuro Salim". I-Euro Salam ". IsiShayina sihumusha lokhu ngokuthi "iJerusalema", okusho ukuthi "Idolobha Lokuthula". Ama-Arabhu abiza idolobha ngokuthi "iGourdes", noma "Idolobha Elingcwele".

IJerusalema kudala kwaba idolobha lapho kuhlala khona amaPalestine kanye nama-Israyeli. Ngokwenganekwane, ngekhulu le-10 BC, indodana kaDavide uSolomoni yangena esihlalweni sobukhosi futhi yakha ithempeli lamaJuda eNtabeni iZiyoni eJerusalema.Yayiyisikhungo semisebenzi yamaJuda asendulo ezenkolo nezombusazwe, ngakho ubuJuda bathatha iJerusalema laba yindawo engcwele. Kamuva, kwakhiwa udonga lomuzi emanxiweni ethempeli, abizwa ngokuthi “udonga olwalulilayo” ngamaJuda, futhi sekuyinto yokukhonza ebaluleke kakhulu ebuJudeni namuhla.

Kusukela kwamiswa, iDolobha Elidala laseJerusalema lakhiwe kabusha futhi lavuselelwa amahlandla ayi-18. Ngo-1049 BC, kwakuyidolobha elidala lombuso wasendulo wakwa-Israyeli ngaphansi kokubusa kweNkosi uDavide. Ngo-586 BC, iNkosi uNebukadinesari II weNew Babylon (manje eyi-Iraq) yathumba lo muzi yawucekela phansi. Ngo-532 BC, yahlaselwa futhi yathathwa yiNkosi yasePheresiya. Ngemuva kwekhulu lesi-4 BC, iJerusalema lalixhunyaniswe ngokulandelana nemibuso yaseMakedoniya, iPtolemy neSeleucid. Ngenkathi iRoma ithumba iJerusalema ngo-63 BC, baxosha amaJuda edolobheni. Ukucindezela kwamaRoma amaJuda asePalestine kwabangela ukuvukela kwabantu abane.AmaRoma enza ukucindezela kwegazi, abulala amaJuda angaphezu kwesigidi, futhi inani elikhulu lamaJuda laphangwa eYurophu futhi lenziwa izigqila. AmaJuda asinda kule nhlekelele abaleka ngokulandelana, ikakhulukazi eBrithani yanamuhla, eFrance, e-Italy, eJalimane nakwezinye izifunda, kwathi kamuva ngobuningi bawo aya eRussia, eMpumalanga Yurophu, eNyakatho Melika, njll., Futhi kusukela lapho kwaqala umlando omubi wokudingiswa kwamaJuda. Ngo-636 AD, ama-Arabhu anqoba amaRoma.Kusukela lapho, iJerusalema kudala laba ngaphansi kombuso wamaSulumane.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-11, uPapa waseRoma namakhosi ase-Europe baqala izimpi eziningi egameni le- "Recovering the Holy City". Ngo-1099, abaKhuseli bathatha iJerusalema base besungula i- "Kingdom of Jerusalem." Kwahlala cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Ngo-1187, i-Arab Sultan Saladin yehlula amaKhuseli empini yaseHedian enyakatho nePalestine yaphinde yathola iJerusalema. Kusukela ngo-1517 kuya ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe I, iJerusalema lalibuswa uMbuso Wase-Ottoman.

Eduze kwedolobha laseBhetlehema, amakhilomitha ayi-17 eningizimu yeJerusalema, kukhona umhume obizwa ngokuthi iMahed. Kuthiwa uJesu wazalelwa kulomgede, futhi iSonto laseMahed selakhiwe khona manje. UJesu wafunda eJerusalema esemncane, wase eshumayela lapha, ezibiza ngoKristu (okusho uMsindisi), futhi kamuva wabethelwa yiziphathimandla zamaJuda esiphambanweni ngaphandle komuzi wangcwatshwa lapho. Inganekwane ithi uJesu wavuka ethuneni ezinsukwini ezintathu ngemuva kokufa kwakhe futhi wakhuphukela ezulwini ezinsukwini ezingama-40 kamuva. Ngo-335 AD, iNdlovukazi uMama uHirana, umama wenkosi yasendulo yaseRoma uConstantine I, wavakashela iJerusalema wakha iSonto Lovuko emathuneni kaJesu, elaziwa nangokuthi iBandla leSingcwaba Esingcwele.Ngakho-ke, ubuKrestu buthatha iJerusalema njengendawo engcwele.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-7, umprofethi wamaSulumane uMuhammad washumayela eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia futhi waphikiswa yizikhulu zendawo eMecca. Ngobunye ubusuku, wavuswa ephusheni futhi wagibela ihhashi elimpunga ngesiliva nekhanda lowesifazane elithunyelwe ingelosi. Ukusuka eMecca kuya eJerusalema, wanyathela itshe elingcwele wandizela waya emazulwini ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngemuva kokuthola ugqozi oluvela ezulwini, wabuyela eMecca ngalobo busuku. Le "Night Walk neDangxiao" edumile ku-Islam, futhi ingenye yezimfundiso ezibalulekile zamaSulumane. Ngenxa yale nsumansumane yokuhamba ebusuku, iJerusalema seliyindawo yesithathu engcwele kunazo zonke e-Islam ngemuva kweMecca neMedina.

Yingoba iJerusalema liyizwe elingcwele lezinkolo ezintathu.Ukuze kulwelwe indawo engcwele, kube nezimpi eziningi ezinesihluku lapha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. IJerusalema licekelwa phansi phansi amahlandla ayi-18, kepha livuselelwa isikhathi ngasinye.Isizathu esiyisisekelo ukuthi liyindawo engcwele yezenkolo eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Abanye abantu bathi iJerusalema lidolobha elihle elingavamile ukubonwa emhlabeni eselike labhujiswa kaninginingi kepha lahlonishwa kakhulu. Ngaphambi kuka-1860, iJerusalema lalinodonga lwedolobha, futhi idolobha lalihlukaniswe laba yizindawo ezine zokuhlala: amaJuda, amaSulumane, ama-Armenia, namaKrestu. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaJuda, ayesevele enza iningi labantu bomuzi, aqala ukwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha ngaphandle kwezindonga, akha umongo weJerusalema lanamuhla. Kusuka elokishini elincane kuya edolobheni elikhulu elichumayo, kwakhiwa izindawo eziningi zokuhlala ezintsha, ngasinye sazo sibonisa izici zeqembu elithile lezindawo zokuhlala lapho.

IDolobha Elisha laseJerusalema lisentshonalanga.Lasungulwa kancane kancane ngemuva kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka.Liliphinda kabili ubukhulu beDolobha Elidala.Liyikhaya lezikhungo zesayensi namasiko ikakhulukazi. Kunezakhiwo zesimanje ezinhlangothini zombili zomgwaqo, phakathi kwezinhlu ezilandelanayo zezakhiwo eziphakeme, izindlu zokuhlala zamahhotela zikhululekile futhi zikanokusho, izinxanxathela zezitolo ezinkulu ezinezixuku, ezigcwele amapaki amahle. Idolobha elidala lisempumalanga, lizungezwe udonga oluphakeme.Izinye izingosi ezidumile zenkolo zisedolobheni elidala.Isibonelo, itshe elingcwele uMuhammad alinyathela lapho enyukela esibhakabhakeni ebusuku lalisendaweni efanayo nendlu yosuku iMecca Kerr. IHelai Mosque, i-Al-Aqsa Mosque, isonto lamaSulumane lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kweMosque Engcwele yaseMecca neThempeli Lomprofethi eMedina, njll., Wonke amagama, imicimbi kanye nemicimbi ehlobene nayo eshiwo "eTestamenteni Elidala" naku "iTestamente Elisha" Endaweni, kunamasonto ahambisanayo namathempeli edolobheni. IJerusalema futhi lingelinye lamadolobha abaluleke kakhulu ezivakashi emhlabeni.

IJerusalema lidala futhi lisesimanjemanje. Lidolobha elihlukahlukene. Izakhamizi zalo zimele ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko nezinhlanga eziningi, okubambelele ngokuqinile kukhanoni nangendlela yokuphila kwasemhlabeni. Idolobha aligcini nje ngokugcina okwedlule, kodwa futhi lakha nekusasa.Libuye livuselele izindawo zomlando ngokucophelela, lenze izindawo eziluhlaza ngokucophelela, izifunda zamabhizinisi zamanje, amapaki ezimboni, kanye nokunweba amadolobha, kukhombisa ukuqhubeka nokuqina kwawo.