Isiraheli, izina ryuzuye rya Leta ya Isiraheli, ukurikije icyemezo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye cyo mu 1947 cyerekeye kugabana Palesitine, ubuso bwa Leta ya Isiraheli ni kilometero kare 14.900. Iherereye mu burengerazuba bwa Aziya, ihana imbibi na Libani mu majyaruguru, Siriya mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, Yorodani mu burasirazuba, inyanja ya Mediterane mu burengerazuba, n'ikigobe cya Aqaba mu majyepfo. Inkombe ni ikibaya kirekire kandi kigufi, gifite imisozi n'ibibaya mu burasirazuba. Ifite ikirere cya Mediterane.

Isiraheli ifite amateka maremare kandi niho havuka amadini akomeye ku isi Abayahudi, Ubuyisilamu n'Ubukirisitu. Abakurambere ba kure b'Abayahudi bari Abaheburayo, ishami ry'Abasemite ba kera. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Yesu, yimukiye muri Palesitine avuye mu Misiri maze ashinga ubwami bw'igiheburayo n'ubwami bwa Isiraheli. Mu 722 na 586 mbere ya Yesu, ubwo bwami bwombi bwatsinzwe n'Abashuri hanyuma burimburwa n'Abanyababuloni. Abanyaroma bateye mu 63 mbere ya Yesu, maze Abayahudi benshi birukanwa muri Palesitine bajya mu buhungiro mu Burayi no muri Amerika. Palesitine yigaruriwe n’Ingoma y’Abarabu mu kinyejana cya 7, kandi kuva icyo gihe abarabu babaye benshi mu baturage bo muri ako gace. Palesitine yigaruriwe n'Ingoma ya Ottoman mu kinyejana cya 16. Mu 1922, Umuryango w’ibihugu watoye "Manda ya Manda" y’Ubwongereza kuri Palesitine, iteganya ko hashyirwaho "Inzu y’Abayahudi" muri Palesitine. Nyuma, Abayahudi baturutse impande zose z'isi bimukiye muri Palesitine ari benshi. Ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 1947, Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje icyemezo cyo gushinga igihugu cy’abarabu n’igihugu cy’Abayahudi muri Palesitine. Leta ya Isiraheli yashinzwe ku mugaragaro ku ya 14 Gicurasi 1948.

Ibendera ry'igihugu: Ni urukiramende, igipimo cy'uburebure n'ubugari ni nka 3: 2. Ubutaka bwibendera bwera hamwe nigitambara cyubururu hejuru no hepfo. Ibara ry'ubururu n'umweru rituruka ku ibara rya shaweli yakoreshejwe n'abayahudi mu masengesho. Hagati yibendera ryera hari inyenyeri yubururu itandatu ifite ubururu.Iyi ni inyenyeri yumwami Dawidi wa Isiraheli ya kera kandi ishushanya imbaraga zigihugu.

Isiraheli ituwe na miliyoni 7.15 (muri Mata 2007, harimo Abayahudi batuye ku nkombe y'Iburengerazuba na Yeruzalemu y'Iburasirazuba), muri bo miliyoni 5.72 ni Abayahudi, bangana na 80% (hafi 44% by'Abayahudi miliyoni 13 ku isi), Hariho miliyoni 1.43 z'Abarabu, bangana na 20%, n'umubare muto wa Druze na Bedouins. Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage busanzwe ni 1.7%, naho ubucucike bw'abaturage ni 294 kuri kilometero kare. Byombi Igiheburayo n'Icyarabu ni indimi zemewe, kandi Icyongereza gikunze gukoreshwa. Abenshi mu baturage bemera idini rya Kiyahudi, mu gihe abasigaye bemera Islam, Ubukirisitu n'andi madini.

Mu myaka irenga 50, Isiraheli, hamwe n’ubutaka bubi ndetse n’ibura ry’amikoro, yakomeje gufata inzira y’igihugu gikomeye gifite siyanse n’ikoranabuhanga, yitondera uburezi n’amahugurwa y’abakozi, kugira ngo ubukungu butere imbere byihuse. Mu 1999, umuturage w’umuturage yageze kuri 1. $ 60.000. Iterambere ry’inganda zikorana buhanga rya Isiraheli ryashimishije isi yose, cyane cyane n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n’inyungu za elegitoroniki, itumanaho, porogaramu za mudasobwa, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, inganda z’ibinyabuzima, ubuhinzi n’indege. Isiraheli iherereye ku nkombe z'ubutayu kandi ikabura amazi. Ibura ry’amazi rikomeye ryatumye Isiraheli ishyiraho uburyo budasanzwe bwo kuhira imyaka yo kuhira amazi mu buhinzi, ikoresha neza umutungo w’amazi ihari kandi ihindura ubutayu bunini muri oasisi. Abahinzi bafite munsi ya 5% yabaturage bose ntibagaburira abaturage gusa, ahubwo banohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi byimbuto nziza, imboga, indabyo na pamba.

Umusozi wurusengero ni ahantu hera cyane kubayahudi. Salomo, umuhungu wumwami Dawidi wa Yudaya mu kinyagihumbi cya mbere mbere ya Yesu, yafashe imyaka 7 amara abantu 200.000 kumusozi i Yeruzalemu, nyuma yaje kumenyekana. Urusengero ruhebuje rwubatswe ku musozi w'urusengero (nanone ruzwi ku izina ry'umusozi w'urusengero) nk'ahantu ho gusengera imana y'Abayahudi Umwami Yehova. Uru ni urusengero rwa mbere ruzwi cyane i Yeruzalemu. Mu 586 mbere ya Yesu, ingabo z'Abanyababuloni zafashe Yerusalemu, urusengero rwa mbere rurasenywa. Nyuma yaho, Abayahudi bongeye kubaka urusengero kabiri, ariko rusenywa kabiri mu gihe cy'Abaroma bigaruriye. Icyamamare cya Basilika kirinda Ahera Cyane cyongeye kubakwa ku matongo y’urusengero rwa mbere rwubatswe na Herode wa 1 Mukuru muri 37 mbere ya Yesu kuri Salomo. Urusengero rwa Herode rwashenywe na Tito Legio y'i Roma ya kera mu 70 nyuma ya Yesu. Nyuma y'ibyo, Abayahudi bubatse urukuta rwa metero 52 z'uburebure na metero 19 z'uburebure ku matongo y'urusengero rw'Abayahudi rwa mbere n'amabuye yavuye mu rusengero rwa mbere. "Urukuta rw'iburengerazuba". Abayahudi bitwa "Urukuta rwo kuboroga" kandi bahinduka ikintu cyingenzi cyo gusengera idini rya kiyahudi muri iki gihe.

Yerusalemu: Yerusalemu iherereye ku misozi ine y’imisozi ya Yudaya yo muri Palesitine rwagati. Ni umujyi w’amateka uzwi cyane ku isi ufite amateka y’imyaka irenga 5.000. Uzengurutse imisozi, ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 158 kandi igizwe n'umujyi wa kera mu burasirazuba n'umujyi mushya mu burengerazuba. Ku butumburuke bwa metero 835 na 634.000 (2000), niwo mujyi munini muri Isiraheli.

Aho Yerusalemu yari yitwa "Jebus" kubera ko kera cyane, umuryango w'Abanyakanani b'Abarabu witwa "Jebusi" wimukiye mu gace k'Abarabu gutura hano no kubaka imidugudu. Wubake igihome hanyuma uvuge aha hantu nyuma yubwoko. Nyuma, Abanyakanani bubatse umujyi hano bawita "Yuro Salim". Ahagana mu myaka igihumbi mbere ya Yesu, David, washinze ubwami bw'Abayahudi, yigaruriye aha hantu kandi abukoresha nk'umurwa mukuru w'Ubwami bw'Abayahudi. Yakomeje gukoresha izina "Yuro Salim". Kugira ngo rihindure igiheburayo, ryiswe " Euro Salam ". Igishinwa gisobanura ngo "Yerusalemu", bisobanura "Umujyi w'amahoro". Abarabu bita umujyi "Gourdes", cyangwa "Umujyi Mutagatifu".

Yeruzalemu kuva kera ni umujyi Abanyapalestine n'Abisiraheli babana. Dukurikije imigani, mu kinyejana cya 10 mbere ya Yesu, umuhungu wa Dawidi Salomo yasimbuye ku ngoma maze yubaka urusengero rw'Abayahudi ku musozi wa Siyoni i Yeruzalemu.Yari ihuriro ry'ibikorwa by'idini na politiki by'Abayahudi ba kera, bityo idini rya Kiyahudi rifata Yeruzalemu nk'ahantu hera. Nyuma, urukuta rwumujyi rwubatswe ku matongo y’urusengero, rwiswe "urukuta rwo kuboroga" n’abayahudi, kandi rwabaye ikintu cy’ingenzi cyo gusengera idini rya kiyahudi muri iki gihe.

Kuva yashingwa, Umujyi wa kera wa Yeruzalemu wongeye kubakwa no kugarurwa inshuro 18. Mu 1049 mbere ya Yesu, wari umujyi ushaje w'ubwami bwa kera bwa Isiraheli ku ngoma y'Umwami Dawidi. Mu 586 mbere ya Yesu, Umwami Nebukadinezari wa II wa Babuloni Nshya (ubu ni Iraki) yigaruriye umujyi arawusenya. Mu 532 mbere ya Yesu, yatewe kandi yigarurirwa n'Umwami w'Ubuperesi. Nyuma y'ikinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu, Yerusalemu yagiye yizirika ku bwami bwa Makedoniya, Putolemeyi na Selewukiya. Igihe Roma yafataga Yerusalemu mu 63 mbere ya Yesu, birukanye Abayahudi muri uwo mujyi. Igitugu cy'Abaroma cyibasiye Abayahudi bo muri Palesitine cyateje imyigaragambyo ine nini.Abaroma bakoze igitutu cyo kumena amaraso, bica abayahudi barenga miliyoni, kandi umubare munini w'Abayahudi wasahuwe mu Burayi maze uhinduka imbata. Abayahudi barokotse icyo cyago bahunze umwe umwe, cyane cyane berekeza mu Bwongereza bwa none, Ubufaransa, Ubutaliyani, Ubudage n'utundi turere, nyuma baza ari benshi mu Burusiya, Uburayi bw'Uburasirazuba, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, n'ibindi, maze guhera icyo gihe batangira amateka mabi yo mu buhungiro bw'Abayahudi. Mu 636 nyuma ya Yesu, abarabu batsinze Abanyaroma. Kuva icyo gihe, Yeruzalemu imaze igihe kinini iyobowe n’abayisilamu.

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 11, Papa wa Roma n'abami b'Abanyaburayi bagabye ibitero byinshi mu izina rya "Kugarura Umujyi Wera". Mu 1099, Abanyamisaraba bigaruriye Yeruzalemu hanyuma bashinga "Ubwami bwa Yeruzalemu." Yamaze hafi ikinyejana. Mu 1187, Sultan Saladin w’abarabu yatsinze Crusaders mu ntambara ya Hediyani mu majyaruguru ya Palesitine maze agarura Yeruzalemu. Kuva mu 1517 kugeza mbere y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Yeruzalemu yari iyobowe n'Ingoma ya Ottoman.

Hafi y'umujyi wa Betelehemu, mu birometero 17 mu majyepfo ya Yeruzalemu, hari ubuvumo bwitwa Mahed. Bavuga ko Yesu yavukiye muri ubu buvumo, kandi ubu Itorero rya Mahed ryubatsweyo. Yesu yize i Yerusalemu akiri muto, hanyuma abwiriza hano, yiyita Kristo (ni ukuvuga Umukiza), nyuma abambwa nabategetsi b'Abayahudi kumusaraba hanze yumujyi arahambwa aho. Umugani uvuga ko Yesu yazutse mu mva nyuma yiminsi 3 apfuye akazamuka mu ijuru nyuma yiminsi 40. Mu 335 nyuma ya Yesu, Hilana, nyina w'umwami w'abami wa kera w'Abaroma Constantine wa mbere, yakoze urugendo yerekeza i Yeruzalemu maze yubaka itorero ry'Izuka ku irimbi rya Yesu, rizwi kandi ku izina rya Kiliziya ya Sepulcher. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ubukristo bufata Yeruzalemu nk'ahantu hera.

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 7, umuhanuzi wa Islamu Muhammad yabwirije mu gace k'Abarabu kandi arwanywa n'abanyacyubahiro baho i Maka. Umunsi umwe nijoro, yakangutse mu nzozi maze atwara ifarashi imeze nk'ifeza n'umutwe w'umugore woherejwe n'umumarayika.Avuye i Maka yerekeza i Yerusalemu, akandagira ku ibuye ryera maze aguruka mu ijuru icyenda. Amaze kubona ihumure rivuye mu ijuru, muri iryo joro asubira i Maka. Ngiyo "Night Walk na Dangxiao" izwi cyane muri Islamu, kandi ni imwe mu nyigisho z'ingenzi z'abayisilamu. Kubera uyu mugani wurugendo rwijoro, Yerusalemu yabaye umwanya wa gatatu wera muri Islamu nyuma ya Maka na Madina.

Nukuri kuberako Yerusalemu ari hamwe mu hantu hatatu h’amadini. Kugirango duhatanire ahera, habaye intambara nyinshi zubugome hano kuva kera. Yeruzalemu yashenywe hasi inshuro 18, ariko byagarutsweho buri gihe.Impamvu nyamukuru nuko ari ahantu hatagatifu h’amadini hazwi ku isi. Abantu bamwe bavuga ko Yerusalemu numujyi mwiza udakunze kugaragara kwisi washenywe inshuro nyinshi ariko wubahwa cyane. Mbere ya 1860, Yerusalemu yari ifite urukuta rw'umujyi, kandi umujyi wagabanyijwemo ibice 4 byo guturamo: Abayahudi, Abayisilamu, Abanyarumeniya, n'Abakristu. Muri icyo gihe, Abayahudi, bari basanzwe bagize igice kinini cy'abatuye umujyi, batangiye kubaka uturere dushya two guturamo hanze y'urukuta, bigize intangiriro ya Yeruzalemu ya none. Kuva mu mujyi muto kugeza kuri metero nini itera imbere, hashyizweho uduce twinshi two guturamo, buri gice kigaragaza ibiranga itsinda runaka ryimiturire ihari.

Umujyi mushya wa Yerusalemu uherereye mu burengerazuba. Yashinzwe buhoro buhoro nyuma yikinyejana cya 19. Ifite ubunini bwUmujyi wa Kera. Ikaba ahanini ibamo ibigo bya siyansi n’umuco. Hano hari inyubako zigezweho kumpande zombi zumuhanda, hagati yumurongo winyubako ndende, villa nziza kandi nziza, hamwe na salle nini zubucuruzi zifite abantu benshi, zuzuyemo parike nziza. Umujyi wa kera uherereye mu burasirazuba, uzengurutswe n'urukuta rurerure.Bamwe mu bibanza by’amadini bizwi biri mu mujyi wa kera.Urugero, ibuye ryera Muhamadi yakandagiye igihe yazamukaga mu kirere nijoro ryari riri ahantu hamwe n'inzu y'umunsi wa Mecca Kerr. Umusigiti wa Herai, Umusigiti wa Al-Aqsa, umusigiti wa gatatu munini ku isi nyuma y’umusigiti mutagatifu wa Maka n’urusengero rw’Intumwa muri Madina. Amazina yose, ibyabaye ndetse n’ibintu bifitanye isano byavuzwe mu "Isezerano rya Kera" na "Isezerano Rishya" Muri rusange, mu mujyi hari amatorero n'insengero bihuye. Yerusalemu kandi ni umwe mu mijyi ikomeye yubukerarugendo ku isi.

Yerusalemu ni iyakera kandi igezweho. Numujyi utandukanye. Abawutuye bahagarariye guhuza imico n’amoko menshi, bakurikiza byimazeyo ibitabo byemewe n'amategeko. Umujyi ntubungabunga amateka gusa, ahubwo wubaka ejo hazaza.Yagaruye neza amateka y’amateka, yubatse neza ahantu nyaburanga, uturere tw’ubucuruzi bugezweho, parike y’inganda, ndetse no kwagura umujyi, byerekana ubudahwema n’ubuzima.